Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity in the Default Mode Network in Male Juvenile Violent Offenders

Young males are often associated with more violence, leading to some serious negative consequences. However, the physiology and the neuroimaging patterns underlying juvenile violence remain unclear. Of the limited knowledge on juvenile violence, the default mode network has been known to be associated with its pathophysiology. This study aimed to investigate functional connectivity alterations of the default mode network in male juvenile violent offenders. 31 juvenile violent offenders in a high-security facility, who were convicted of aggressive behaviors by court, and 28 normal controls from a middle school were recruited as participants. They underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. And independent component analysis approaches were used to analyze their data. Compared to the normal controls, the juvenile violent offenders showed a different default mode network pattern, with the functional connectivity increased in the posterior cingulate, and decreased in the right middle temporal, left angular, right precuneus and right middle frontal cortex. Our findings revealed that the male juvenile violent offenders were associated with abnormal default mode network functional connectivity, which might be a neuroimaging basis for their tendency to violence.

Juvenile Homicide in the United States: Sizing Up the Problem and Moving Forward

Juvenile murder arrests in the United States increased dramatically from 1984 to 1993, leading experts to forecast an epidemic of continued violence. Juvenile arrests for murder from 1995 to 2019 are examined to assess whether this prediction was correct. Changes in the laws in response to juvenile violence and US Supreme Court cases that addressed constitutional limitations to the punishment of juvenile murderers are synthesized. The evolution of research on juvenile homicide offenders over the last two decades is highlighted. Recommendations about ways to move forward by using evidence-based practices to prevent juvenile violence and to reduce recidivism are discussed.

When a Juvenile Commit Criminal Act

For the commiting criminal acts, juvenile can be sanctioned with educational measures and with juvenile imprisonment. The general purpose of juvenile sanctions is to provide protection, care, assistance and supervision, and by ensuring the general and professional training of juvenile perpetrators of criminal acts affecting his/her upbringing, development of his/her entire personality and strengthening his/her personal responsibility. Keywords: Juvenile; Violence; Delinquency

Violência juvenil, bullying e insucesso escolar: memórias de infância e o início de trajetórias desviantes | Juvenile violence, bullying and academic underachievement: Childhood memories and the onset of deviant pathways

Este estudo de caso integra uma investigação mais abrangente na área da violência e criminalidade e analisa a construção narrativa das vivências de violência na escola, relatadas por um grupo de reclusos portugueses, tendo como pano de fundo seus percursos escolares. Os dez participantes, com idade entre 19 e 46 anos, foram entrevistados nos Açores. Foi utilizado um roteiro de entrevista, especificamente construído para esta investigação, com o conjunto de tópicos a serem abordados em tom informal. O tratamento de dados de nível descritivo e interpretativo seguiu a Análise de Conteúdo segundo Bardin e centrou-se em dados retrospectivos, colhidos por entrevista, relativos a episódios específicos de violência e bullying em contexto escolar. Foram identificados quatro tipos distintos de percursos de violência infantil e juvenil, principalmente bullying, envolvendo vítima e agressor, defensor da vítima, vítima com coping eficaz e observador passivo. O estudo analisa os fatores de desencadeamento e manutenção desses percursos, com impacto no desempenho escolar, bem como discute as implicações para a prevenção secundária e o diagnóstico diferencial.

Violence is as American as Cherry Pie

The purpose of this chapter is to offer “food for thought” regarding an under researched area of juvenile violence causation: the possible connection between steadily increasing incarceration rates and steadily increasing incidents of school violence. Unfortunately, the negative, and sometimes violent, traits individuals develop while incarcerated are often brought out into their lives in society and personal lives, which often involve the raising of children. Research has documented the impacts that being incarcerated can have upon an individual. There is growing research supporting that these newly developed traits and behaviors can easily be imbedded in the children in which they have contact with upon release. The authors argue that we should not be surprised about the increases in juvenile violence given the constant flow of individuals in and out of American prisons. This is not to say that everyone who has served time will follow this path, but this is one area where actions and patterns of behavior which have been developed in one social environment can saturate another.

Da tortuosa elucidação do trágico: a agência da noção de bullying em meio a eventos extremos de violência juvenil

Na contemporaneidade, tanto brasileira, quanto ocidental, percebe-se incrustrada no imaginário coletivo a associação entre a prática do chamado bullying e episódios de violência juvenil extrema. Este artigo propõe-se a explorar os meandros desse vínculo a partir de um viés antropológico e, portanto, lança mão da etnografia como elemento primordial. A partir de dados obtidos em trabalho de campo realizado nos cenários brasileiro e estadunidense, tece-se uma análise que põe em relevo as tensões em torno do agenciamento da noção de bullying desencadeadas por duas tragédias juvenis emblemáticas: os ataques armados em Columbine High School (Colorado, Estados Unidos) e na Escola Municipal Tasso da Silveira (Realengo, Rio de Janeiro - RJ), ocorridos respectivamente em 1999 e 2011, ambos com vítimas fatais. A conclusão sinaliza a importância do investimento etnográfico na tarefa de politizar o debate sobre a violência juvenil num âmbito especificamente nacional, na contramão de generalizações oriundas de uma esfera internacional. Palavras-chave: Bullying. Agência. Violência juvenil. Eventos extremos. Etnografia.On the tortuous elucidation of the tragic: the agency of the bullying concept in extreme events of young violence AbstractIn contemporaneity, in Brazil and in the West, the collective imagination has been found a strong association between the practice of bullying and episodes of extreme juvenile violence. This article proposes to explore the intricacies of this link from an anthropological approach and, therefore, uses ethnography as a primordial element. Based on data obtained from fieldwork carried out in the Brazilian and American scenarios, the analysis highlights the tensions surrounding the agency of bullying notion triggered by two emblematic juvenile tragedies: the armed attacks at Columbine High School (Colorado, United States) and at the Tasso da Silveira Municipal School (Realengo neighborhood, City of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), which occurred respectively in 1999 and 2011, both with fatal victims. The conclusion points to the importance of ethnographic investment in the task of politicizing the debate on youth violence in a specifically national context, as opposed to generalizations from an international sphere.Key words: Bullying. Agency. Juvenile violence. Extreme events. Ethnography.