The Capitalization of Agricultural Subsidies into Land Prices

We review the recent theoretical and empirical literature on the capitalization of agricultural subsidies into land prices. The theoretical literature predicts that agricultural subsidies are capitalized into land prices when land supply is inelastic and land markets function well. The share of capitalized subsidies significantly depends on the implementation of farm subsidies, local land-market institutions, rural market imperfections, and spatial effects. Most empirical studies have shown that agricultural subsidies are only partially capitalized into land prices, estimating that decoupled payments and land-based subsidies exhibit higher capitalization than coupled payments and nonland-based subsidies, respectively. However, estimated capitalization rates vary widely across studies largely because of data availability and identification challenges. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 13 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Study of the Current Trends and Opportunities of E-commerce and its Comparative Study in Rural and Urban Areas of India

Electronic commerce, commonly referred to as electronic commerce, deals with products or services on computer networks such as the Internet. The positive and negative effects of e-commerce have an impact on physical or traditional retail formats in the trade field. And detecting the essential factors for the growth of e-commerce in India. To analyse the current trends and opportunities of e-commerce in India. And the comparative study of emerging e-commerce businesses in rural and urban areas in India. And the study of the emerging trends of e-commerce and its development in Indian prospects. It is clear that the Indian rural market is emerging as a preferred destination for marketers looking to hit volume. Companies struggling to survive in the urban market also show a positive coating. Before entering these markets, however, it is urgent to thoroughly study the rural dynamics and demographics or factors affecting demand in the target area, as the entire rural market cannot be considered as a homogeneous mass. In order to attract the masses from rural areas, E-Commerce Industries have introduced mobile applications to influence them, as well as vendors to buy and sell products/services on the mobile Internet. Rural Indians recognize the differences in their opportunities to learn new products and services in the electronic marketplace. The paradigms of rural markets are changing in the 21st century. Companies need to study needs, culture, behavior, etc. rural population and formulate various innovative strategies to explore the opportunistic and promising market. Success largely depends on the long-term vision. Creativity, innovative strategies and quick action to get started early mean more profit.

Sustainable Market Entry Strategy under a Supply Chain Environment

Firms routinely face the challenging decision of whether and how to enter a new market. Inspired by the practice of Chinese household appliance firms sustainably entering the rural market from the urban market, Tesla and Topshop entered the Chinese market from their own. We model a supply chain system composed of a manufacturer and a retailer to investigate entry strategies for facing a new market. These sustainable entry processes can help enterprises better achieve their own promotion and increase profits. The equilibrium solutions indicate that (1) the manufacturer’s exclusive entry mode is “market development” entry, while the retailer’s exclusive entry or joint entry mode can achieve “dual benefit” entry under certain conditions; and (2) both the manufacturer and the retailer prefer the joint entry mode. It is the only Nash equilibrium. Monopoly firms dominating the new market may not be profitable all the time. Appropriate competition can bring about a win-win situation. These results provide theoretical proof for the preference and rationality of the rural market entry mode in the Chinese household appliance industry and of the overseas market entry mode for international enterprises.

Research on Countermeasures for the Development of Rural E-Commerce Logistics

Under the current environment, rural e-commerce logistics have become the focus of attention from all walks of life, and various e-commerce enterprises and logistics companies have entered the rural market under the county to achieve the purpose of expanding their market share. Based on the characteristics, current situation, and problems of developing rural e-commerce logistics in Huade County of Ulanqab City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The article using Schematic diagram of Milk Run optimisation model and E-Commerce Logistics Distribution Model, puting forward several countermeasures suitable for the development of rural e-commerce logistics in Huade County.

Analysis of landscape structure, habitat selection and urbanisation in edge populations of Scops Owls Otus scops in Central Europe

The habitat selection of Scops Owl Otus scops has not been studied in Hungary so far. The population in the Carpathian Basin can be considered as a range edge population. Yet, studying and conserving breeding population at the edge of the species’ range is important for the evolutionary potential of the species. In the present study, we examined Scops Owl populations situated on both sides of the Hungarian-Slovenian border. Although breeding density is significantly higher in Slovenia than in Hungary, we found no difference in the ecological diversity of the Goričko Nature Park (GNP), Slovenia and Vas County, Hungary. We found that both the proportion and total edge length of dry grasslands and intensively managed mesic grasslands were lower in Hungary. Similarly, market gardens were present in a larger proportion in GNP. These landscape features all indicate that the complex cultivation is still pronounced in GNP, favouring the Sops Owl as less intensive cultivation modes, like rural market gardens and grasslands play a key role in its habitat selection. Points with Scops Owl observations appeared to be closer to settlements than randomly generated points. They also were observed farther from primary roads than from secondary roads. This is in accordance with other studies revealing that these nocturnal birds avoid noisy roads. We briefly discuss why conserving range edge populations is important, and how time and effort optimised species conservation measures should accompany landscape protection at the political level.

ICICI Prudential: challenges in reaching the last mile

Learning outcomes The specific learning objectives of the case are as follows: To contribute to the knowledge of environmental challenges faced by various financial companies while trying to foray into the rural markets, especially in case of insurance products’ expansion strategy; to understand the distribution strategy adopted by insurance companies in rural as well as urban markets; to apply the concepts such as mental accounting, designing and pricing of insurance products to develop an effective strategy for insurance products targeting the rural market; to be able to analyse the data available on products and the rural market structure that enables the students to derive from an implementable managerial framework and design an effective rural market strategy for insurance products; and to enable the students to evaluate the key rural market drivers, which will subsequently help them to develop a new structure of rural distribution channel. Case overview/synopsis ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company Limited (IPRU) was trying to reach the last mile customers of rural India to tap the opportunity and meet the Indian Government's statutory requirement of financial inclusion. Even though the leadership of IPRU was optimistic about the untapped potential of rural India, and launched a separate business vertical - Rural Business Channel (RBC) in the year 2002 to cater to this target segment, yet it faced many strategic issues while foraying into the rural domain. The company struggled with both the designing of products as per the rural customers' needs, as well as the distribution of these products in rural areas. The present case study is an attempt to bring out the strategic challenges that were faced by the IPRU management, with a major focus on designing, pricing and distribution of rural insurance products. The case study will help the readers in understanding what might go wrong while entering new rural markets and how to deal with these challenges. Complexity academic level The case study can be used to teach both undergraduate and postgraduate management students. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 8: Marketing.

Review of Rural Marketing in India and Innovations in Rural Marketing

The aim of this research is to study the current scenario of Rural Marketing in India, the rural market presents with its various opportunities and challenges, given how diversely populated the rural consumers in India are. The rural market consists of 83.3 crore people and this is what attracts marketers to enter in this market. To market in the territory of rural marketing corporations must understand the rural consumer. There is a shift incoming from urban to the rural marketing as the development and levels of literacy and awareness among the rural consumers is rising and these consumers want value for their money. Marketers when catering to rural consumers need to connect with them and also undertake demonstrations for the better understanding of the rural people. Many innovations in the strategy to market into the rural markets have been undertaken in the past years. This paper aims to understand these innovations and strategies and to understand the rural consumer of India. The future of rural marketing and the development in rural areas is promising in development of rural economies and for the people living in these rural areas a better life.

Econometric Analysis of Returns to Education of Rural and Urban Labour Markets Workers in Tamil Nadu

The objective of this study was to empirically evaluate the returns to education of rural and urban labour markets workers in Tamil Nadu using the IHDS data with appropriate Econometric models. First, the present study estimated the earning functions of the rural and urban market's workers by OLS technique and standard Mincerian earning functions. Secondly, the quantile regression method was also used to examine the evolution of wage inequality. The findings of the study showed that the effects of education and experience on the log of hourly wages were positive, and these coefficients were statistically significant. The returns to education increased with the level of education and differed among the workers of rural and urban labour markets. The results showed that the rates of returns to primary, middle and higher secondary were higher in the urban market, whereas those of secondary and graduation were higher in the rural market. The study revealed that the effect of education was not the same across the rural and urban wage distribution. The rate of returns differed considerably within education groups across different quantiles of the wage distribution.