"Mother Earth" dalam Kerumunan Terakhir Karya Okky Madasari dan Bless Me Ultima Karya Rudolfo Anaya

ABSTRAKKerumunan Terakhir karya Okky Madasari dan Bless me Ultima karya Rudolfo Anaya bercerita tentang peranan perempuan dalam menjaga alam. Di dalam Kerumunan Terakhir, Okky Madasari membandingkan kehidupan perempuan di puncak gunung dan di kota besar. Mirip dengan Okky Madasari, RudolfoAnaya juga menggambarkan kehidupan yang harmonis antara alam dan perempuan yang diwakili oleh Ultima di dalam Bless Me Ultima. Ultima tidak hanya memelihara alam, juga menggunakan alam untuk menyembuhkan penyakit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat bagaimana perempuan di representasikan sebagai “Mother Earth” dalam dua novel tersebut. Dengan metode Pembacaan secara heuristik dan hermenuetik serta menggunakan pendekatan ekofeminis dan teori sastra bandingan, representasi perempuan sebagai mother earth dianalisa dan diinterpretasikan sesuai dengan konteks dimana representasi itu muncul. Dari hasil pembahasan nampak adanya persamaan antara novel Kerumunan Terakhir dan novel Bless Me Ultima dalam merepresentasikan mother Earth. Si Mbah dan Ultima adalah mother earth yang menggunakan alam sebagai tempat belajar tentang kehidupan bagi manusia.Kata kunci: pendekatan ekofeminis, mother earth, representasi, kritik sastra bandingan ABSTRACTKerumunan Terakhirwritten by Okky Madasariand Bless me Ultima written by Rudolfo Anaya tell the story of women in protecting nature. In Kerumunan Terakhir Okky Madasaricompares the lives of women at the top of a mountain and in a big city. Similar to Okky Madasari, Rodolfo Anaya also describes the harmonious life between nature and woman represented by Ultima in Bless Me Ultima. Ultima does not only preserve nature, she also uses nature to cure illness. Using the heuristic reading method and applying the basic principles of ecofeminism about gender equality and the close relationship between women and nature, this paper tries to see how women are represented as mother earth in Indonesia and in the United States contained in these two novels. By using an ecofeminism approach and a comparative literary theory, the representation of women as mother earth will be analyzed and interpreted according to the context in which the representation appears.Keyword: ecofeminism approach, mother earth, representation, comparative literature

Atlantic Continuities in Tomás Rivera and Rudolfo Anaya

This chapter draws from Tomás Rivera’s poetry and Rudolfo Anaya’s short story “The Man Who Could Fly” (2006) to read continuities of an Atlantic world formation within the Southwest. Specifically, this essay compares paradigms of a remembered “Congo” informed by dialectics of empire concerning both Central African exploration—in the case of Rivera—and plantational Latin American and American slavery—in the case of Anaya. While this article argues that in the case of Rivera, Henry Stanley’s exploration haunts the spatialization of Rivera’s poetry, in Anaya, by contrast, Atlantic continuities are chiefly embedded in a transnational comparison with Latin American Caribbean writers such as Gabriel García Márquez and Alejo Carpentier. Applying Caribbean thinker Edouard Glissant’s theorization of “Relation” to these Chicano narratives, this chapter decodes the racial geographies of the Southwest to theorize how landscape and fiction work together to memorialize subaltern Atlantic memory.

The Use of Liminality in the Deconstruction of Women’s Roles: Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless me, Ultima

ABSTRACT During the 1970s Chicana feminist movement, Chicanas rejected the widely established image of the Virgin of Guadalupe vs. Malinche, which limited the liminal position they were claiming. In this essay I will examine Rudolfo Anaya’s treatment of female characters in his novel Bless Me, Ultima (1972), bringing to light the latent disruption of this duality. It is my contention that Anaya’s aim is establishing a dialogue between the self and the other(s) through liminal practices, spaces and times, which leads to a transformation of liminality into new opportunities for female characters in novels and hence to a deconstruction of Chicanas’ roles in society.KEYWORDS: liminality; deconstruction; Virgin; Malinche; Chicanas; gender rolesRESUMENDurante el movimiento feminista de las chicanas en los años 70, las chicanas rechazaron la ampliamente establecida imagen de la Virgen de Guadalupe frente a Malinche, que limitaba la posición liminal que reclamaban. En este artículo examinaré el tratamiento de los personajes femeninos de Rudolfo Anaya en su novela Bless me, Ultima (1972), sacando a la luz la latente alteración de esta dualidad. En mi opinión el objetivo de Anaya es establecer un diálogo entre el yo y la otra/las otras a través de prácticas, espacios y tiempos liminales, lo que lleva a una trasformación de la liminalidad en nuevas oportunidades para los personajes femeninos de las novelas y por ello a una deconstrucción de los roles de las chicanas en la sociedad.PALABRAS CLAVE: liminalidad; deconstrucción; Virgen; Malinche; Chicanas; roles de género

Walking down the Borderline: Hybridity and the Modulation of the Self in Three Canonical Chicano Novels

This paper presents an analysis of three Chicano novels considered canonical, in which the concept of “hybridity” is discussed in relation with the individual: Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me Última, Tomás Rivera’s …Y No Se Lo Tragó La Tierra, and Rolando Hinojosa’s Los Amigos de Becky. The paper proposes an additional application of “hybridity”, key concept of Cultural and Postcolonial Studies, in the cultural context of the Chicano identity. The final aim is to prove, by means of the texts, the interaction between the individual and his/her context via their “hybridity” as a resulting phenomenon of a cultural multiplicity.Keywords: Chicano, novel, hybridity, individual, cultural context.Resumen:Este trabajo presenta un análisis de tres novelas de autores chicanos considerados canónicos, en el que se discute el concepto de ‘hibridación’ y su interacción con el individuo: Bless Me Última, de Rudolfo Anaya, …Y No Se Lo Tragó La Tierra, de Tomás Rivera y Los Amigos de Becky, de Rolando Hinojosa. Se propone una aplicación adicional de “hibridación”, concepto clave de los Estudios Culturales y Postcoloniales, en el contexto cultural de la identidad chicana. El objetivo es demostrar la interacción entre el individuo y su contexto a través de la “hibridación” como fenómeno de multiplicidad cultural.Palabras clave: Chicano, novela, hibridación, individuo, contexto cultural