Bees can be trained to identify SARS-CoV-2 infected samples.

The COVID19 pandemic has illustrated the need for the development of fast and reliable testing methods for novel, zoonotic, viral diseases in both humans and animals. Pathologies lead to detectable changes in the Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) profile of animals, which can be monitored, thus allowing the development of a rapid VOC-based test. In the current study, we successfully trained honeybees (Apis mellifera) to identify SARSCoV2 infected minks (Neovison vison) thanks to Pavlovian conditioning protocols. The bees can be quickly conditioned to respond specifically to infected mink odours and could therefore be part of a wider SARSCoV2 diagnostic system. We tested two different training protocols to evaluate their performance in terms of learning rate, accuracy and memory retention. We designed a non-invasive rapid test in which multiple bees are tested in parallel on the same samples. This provided reliable results regarding a subjects health status. Using the data from the training experiments, we simulated a diagnostic evaluation trial to predict the potential efficacy of our diagnostic test, which yielded a diagnostic sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 86%. We suggest that a honeybee-based diagnostics can offer a reliable and rapid test that provides a readily available, low-input addition to the currently available testing methods. A honeybee based diagnostic test might be particularly relevant for remote and developing communities that lack the resources and infrastructure required for mainstream testing methods.

What’s in a Place? The Contribution of Strategic Communication to Placemaking and Territorial Communication

Set in the field of territorial communication, the aim of this chapter is to summon the various contributions of strategic communication to placemaking and promotion, approaching them both through a mind frame path, as a multi-layered concept, and through an operational approach, as a pragmatic tool. Going through a number of examples we will reflect on several experiences to illustrate the potential of strategic communication to add value to places in different sets and scales, from building a place almost from scratch to nation branding strategies, from positioning and re-positioning objectives to building up notoriety or developing communities’ sense of belonging to a territory. We also set an evolutionary frame of the territorial communication in the light of its strategic dimension, drawing on key concepts and trends, influences and achievements. The performative value of strategic communication as a constructive tool of territorial development is discussed in addition to the communicational added value of territorial brands, namely by pointing emerging issues such as storytelling or participatory place communication. Furthermore, we summon ethical and pragmatic challenges to the debate as inspiration for future research.

Mothers’ Parenting Stress and Neighborhood Characteristics in Early Childhood (Ages 0–4)

Neighborhood characteristics are important when raising children. Traditional approaches to parental stress research have focused on the impacts of daily hassles and how individual factors, such as children’s temperament, family resources, and social support from friends and family reduce or exacerbate parental stress. There have been few studies on neighborhood characteristics and parental stress, and even fewer studies have examined the association longitudinally. The goal of the present study was to explore the association between mothers’ parental stress and neighborhood characteristics longitudinally across early childhood (ages 0–4). Using the 2008–2012 Panel Study on Korean Children, we followed 1536 mothers. The results showed that mothers’ parenting stress was highest when children were aged two to three, and neighborhood characteristics had significant associations with parenting stress. The study indicated that mothers who reported that their neighborhoods had sufficient childcare facilities, were convenient to access public recreational and cultural facilities, and those who reported that their neighborhoods were good places to raise children, exhibited significantly lower levels of parenting stress. Further, the effects of neighborhoods on mothers’ parenting stress were greatest when children were aged one and four. Hence, such findings should be incorporated when designing and developing communities.

A conceptual framework for developing communities of practice for clean sport education

Communities of practice have been suggested to provide an ideal teaching structure that can promote knowledge and skill development. Existing evidence on clean sport education indicates that several educational interventions against doping have been developed so far. However, stakeholders and researchers are not always informed about them. This results in poor coordination of anti-doping efforts made by organizations and stakeholders. The present paper proposes and implements an alternative approach to clean sport education by enabling synergies between academic experts and coaches interested in being informed about clean sport education. More specifically, this paper describes for the first time a face-to-face Community of Practice for Clean Sport Education. The aim of the implemented community of practice was to assist coaches to be better educated about anti-doping. The implementation of a Community of Practice for Clean Sport Education confirmed the ability of this teaching approach to effectively engage coaches in anti-doping education. Participants in the community of practice showed an increased interest in learning more about anti-doping education and set specific learning goals, were helped to better identify what they would prefer to learn, received resources that they were not aware of, were committed to learning about anti-doping and developed a network of people interested in anti-doping. Overall, the community of practice was effective in mobilising people to engage in awareness-raising activities and increase their knowledge about clean sport education.

Role of ICT for Community in Education During COVID-19

COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by a novel strain of Coronavirus. COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic on 11th March 2020, and it has impacted almost every aspect of human life. Education is crucial to individuals and society, and COVID-19 has affected educational systems worldwide. According to UNESCO monitoring, over 100 countries have implemented nationwide closures, impacting nearly 90% of the world's student population. In this chapter, the authors discuss how ICT is helping the community during COVID-19 and how it is catering to the young population's education needs. The demographics of COVID-19, along with an aging population, are explored. The authors then focus on the education sector and the challenges for education from school to universities. Furthermore, they look into how ICT facilitates education in the COVID-19 pandemic and the issues and challenges ICT faces in implementing online education. In the end, they discuss the role of ICT in developing communities and the future directions of online education for the development of smart communities.

Generalized Multi-Release Framework for Fault Prediction in Open Source Software

Software developing communities are shifting to open source software (OSS) because of the reason that software development takes place in successive releases, thereby improving its quality and reliability. Multi-release development of OSS can provide an opportunity to inculcate the dynamic needs of the user in a very short span of time to survive in the market. In spite of having these benefits, numerous challenges can be faced during the multi-release OSS development. Some of the challenges can be the generation of errors during the addition of new features. To address the changing fault detection process, a change point phenomenon is considered so as to give more practicality to the model. In this article, we present a general framework for multi-release OSS modelling incorporating imperfect debugging and change points. Parameter estimation and model validation is done on the three releases of Apache, an open source software project.