scholarly journals The Complex Functions of the NME Family—A Matter of Location and Molecular Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 13083
Author(s):  
Uwe Schlattner
Keyword(s):  
Complex Group ◽  
The Family ◽  
Complex Functions ◽  
Multifunctional Enzymes

The family of NME proteins represents a quite complex group of multifunctional enzymes [...]

scholarly journals Distribution and Evolution of Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Gene Clusters in the Ceratocystidaceae

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Sayari ◽  
Magriet A. van der Nest ◽  
Emma T. Steenkamp ◽  
Nicole C. Soal ◽  
P. Markus Wilken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase ◽  
Main Element ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene Clusters ◽  
Nrps Gene ◽  
Nonribosomal Peptide ◽  
Peptide Synthetase ◽  
The Family ◽  
Multifunctional Enzymes

In filamentous fungi, genes in secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways are generally clustered. In the case of those pathways involved in nonribosomal peptide production, a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene is commonly found as a main element of the cluster. Large multifunctional enzymes are encoded by members of this gene family that produce a broad spectrum of bioactive compounds. In this research, we applied genome-based identification of nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic gene clusters in the family Ceratocystidaceae. For this purpose, we used the whole genome sequences of species from the genera Ceratocystis, Davidsoniella, Thielaviopsis, Endoconidiophora, Bretziella, Huntiella, and Ambrosiella. To identify and characterize the clusters, different bioinformatics and phylogenetic approaches, as well as PCR-based methods were used. In all genomes studied, two highly conserved NRPS genes (one monomodular and one multimodular) were identified and their potential products were predicted to be siderophores. Expression analysis of two Huntiella species (H. moniliformis and H. omanensis) confirmed the accuracy of the annotations and proved that the genes in both clusters are expressed. Furthermore, a phylogenetic analysis showed that both NRPS genes of the Ceratocystidaceae formed distinct and well supported clades in their respective phylograms, where they grouped with other known NRPSs involved in siderophore production. Overall, these findings improve our understanding of the diversity and evolution of NRPS biosynthetic pathways in the family Ceratocystidaceae.

scholarly journals Function of the p97–Ufd1–Npl4 complex in retrotranslocation from the ER to the cytosol

2003 ◽  
Vol 162 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yihong Ye ◽  
Hemmo H. Meyer ◽  
Tom A. Rapoport
Keyword(s):  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Bound State ◽  
Polyubiquitin Chain ◽  
Polyubiquitin Chains ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
The Family ◽  
Complex Functions ◽  
Ubiquitin Binding ◽  
Subsequent Degradation ◽  
Er Membrane

Amember of the family of ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities, called p97 in mammals and Cdc48 in yeast, associates with the cofactor Ufd1–Npl4 to move polyubiquitinated polypeptides from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane into the cytosol for their subsequent degradation by the proteasome. Here, we have studied the mechanism by which the p97–Ufd1–Npl4 complex functions in this retrotranslocation pathway. Substrate binding occurs when the first ATPase domain of p97 (D1 domain) is in its nucleotide-bound state, an interaction that also requires an association of p97 with the membrane through its NH2-terminal domain. The two ATPase domains (D1 and D2) of p97 appear to alternate in ATP hydrolysis, which is essential for the movement of polypeptides from the ER membrane into the cytosol. The ATPase itself can interact with nonmodified polypeptide substrates as they emerge from the ER membrane. Polyubiquitin chains linked by lysine 48 are recognized in a synergistic manner by both p97 and an evolutionarily conserved ubiquitin-binding site at the NH2 terminus of Ufd1. We propose a dual recognition model in which the ATPase complex binds both a nonmodified segment of the substrate and the attached polyubiquitin chain; polyubiquitin binding may activate the ATPase p97 to pull the polypeptide substrate out of the membrane.

scholarly journals Peranan Pola Asuh Orang Tua dalam Pembentukan Karakter Anak

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Solihin Slamet Kusdi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Period ◽  
Data Organization ◽  
Family Influences ◽  
Good Communication ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The Family ◽  
Complex Functions ◽  
Valid Data ◽  
Child Character ◽  
Answering Questions

This article addresses the topic of family, which reviews that the family has an important role in shaping the child character. The used approach is a naturalistic approach which is often called a qualitative approach. To obtain valid data used data collection techniques that include interviews, observation and documentation. Furthermore, data analysis is carried out involving data organization. This discussion found that as a smallest system, families instill moral values of a child's personality. During the growth period a child has many questions about things that are felt new. Children have critical questions, this is where good communication skills are required by parents in answering questions raised by children. Families now have more complex functions that include the functions of production and consumption. This writing needs to be done so that readers can have a view on how the family influences the development of a child's character. In the end it can be said that the family has an important role in shaping the child character.

Triassic sponges (Sphinctozoa) from Hells Canyon, Oregon

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (03) ◽  
pp. 419-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baba Senowbari-Daryan ◽  
George D. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Endemic Species ◽  
Upper Triassic ◽  
Island Arc ◽  
Tropical Island ◽  
The Family ◽  
Wallowa Terrane ◽  
Unique Condition ◽  
Hells Canyon

Two Upper Triassic sphinctozoan sponges of the family Sebargasiidae were recovered from silicified residues collected in Hells Canyon, Oregon. These sponges areAmblysiphonellacf.A. steinmanni(Haas), known from the Tethys region, andColospongia whalenin. sp., an endemic species. The latter sponge was placed in the superfamily Porata by Seilacher (1962). The presence of well-preserved cribrate plates in this sponge, in addition to pores of the chamber walls, is a unique condition never before reported in any porate sphinctozoans. Aporate counterparts known primarily from the Triassic Alps have similar cribrate plates but lack the pores in the chamber walls. The sponges from Hells Canyon are associated with abundant bivalves and corals of marked Tethyan affinities and come from a displaced terrane known as the Wallowa Terrane. It was a tropical island arc, suspected to have paleogeographic relationships with Wrangellia; however, these sponges have not yet been found in any other Cordilleran terrane.

Electron Microscopy of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 258-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Boatman ◽  
G. E. Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
The Family

Information concerning the morphology and replication of organism of the family Mycoplasmataceae remains, despite over 70 years of study, highly controversial. Due to their small size observations by light microscopy have not been rewarding. Furthermore, not only are these organisms extremely pleomorphic but their morphology also changes according to growth phase. This study deals with the morphological aspects of M. pneumoniae strain 3546 in relation to growth, interaction with HeLa cells and possible mechanisms of replication.The organisms were grown aerobically at 37°C in a soy peptone yeast dialysate medium supplemented with 12% gamma-globulin free horse serum. The medium was buffered at pH 7.3 with TES [N-tris (hyroxymethyl) methyl-2-aminoethane sulfonic acid] at 10mM concentration. The inoculum, an actively growing culture, was filtered through a 0.5 μm polycarbonate “nuclepore” filter to prevent transfer of all but the smallest aggregates. Growth was assessed at specific periods by colony counts and 800 ml samples of organisms were fixed in situ with 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 3 hrs. at 4°C. Washed cells for sectioning were post-fixed in 0.8% OSO4 in veronal-acetate buffer pH 6.1 for 1 hr. at 21°C. HeLa cells were infected with a filtered inoculum of M. pneumoniae and incubated for 9 days in Leighton tubes with coverslips. The cells were then removed and processed for electron microscopy.

Exposure of protein VP7 on the surface of bluetongue virus

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
A.D. Hyatt
Keyword(s):  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Outer Coat ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Antibody Recognition ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Family ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Physical Accessibility

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the type species os the genus orbivirus in the family Reoviridae. The virus has a fibrillar outer coat containing two major structural proteins VP2 and VP5 which surround an icosahedral core. The core contains two major proteins VP3 and VP7 and three minor proteins VP1, VP4 and VP6. Recent evidence has indicated that the core comprises a neucleoprotein center which is surrounded by two protein layers; VP7, a major constituent of capsomeres comprises the outer and VP3 the inner layer of the core . Antibodies to VP7 are currently used in enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays and immuno-electron microscopical (JEM) tests for the detection of BTV. The tests involve the antibody recognition of VP7 on virus particles. In an attempt to understand how complete viruses can interact with antibodies to VP7 various antibody types and methodologies were utilized to determine the physical accessibility of the core to the external environment.

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