An African Monotheism: The Igbe Religion of the Urhobo and the Economic Importance of Ore-Isi Festival

This article illustrates the religious diversity of coastal Nigeria by analyzing the Igbe religion, a monotheist religion practiced mainly by Urhobo speakers. The first part of the article situates Igbe within the concept of “Evolving Modern Religion” rather than “African Traditional Religion” because it has a founder and is a monotheist religion. It then provides the historical background to the emergence of Igbe religion and gives an overview to its organisation. The second part of the article describes the religion’s main Ore-Isi festival and explores its core values and the nostalgic experiences in the minds of Igbe adherents. The third section of the article analyses the social and economic benefits of the Ore-Isi festival and its implications for Delta State in particular and Nigeria ingeneral.

African Traditional Religion and Trans-Saharan Migration from Ghana

This paper interrogates an unexamined component of the religion-migration nexus in Ghana. Using African Traditional Religion as a case in point, the paper examines the function shrines play in sustaining youth migration to Libya and across the Mediterranean to Europe. The paper relies on interviews and fieldtrips to migrant sending communities in the Nkoranza area of the Bono East region of central Ghana. The paper gives an account of the daily realities of prospective migrants, returnees and their families. Among other key findings, it is shown that there is an intricate connection between youth migration, the family system and the deities in sustaining the trans-Saharan migration. This migration, we observe, has become a livelihood strategy, the perpetuation of which reassures the survival of not only the people, but their gods as well.

African Traditional Religion vis-à-vis the Tackle It Suffers

African Traditional Religion is the indigenous religion of the Africans. The religion that has existed before the advent of western civilization which came with secularism as an umbrella that shades Christianity, education, urbanization, colonization and so on. These features of western civilization were impressed upon African Traditional Religion. Hence, the presence of alien cultures and practices in contemporary African traditional practice, as well as the presence of elements of traditionalism in contemporary African Christian practices. This somewhat symbiosis was discussed in this paper and it was discovered that African Traditional Religion was able to jump all the hurdles of secularism, Christianity, urbanization etc and came out successfully though with bruises. The paper used socio-cultural approach in its analysis.

John Mbiti on the Monotheistic Attribution of African Traditional Religions: A Refutation

John Mbiti, in his attempt to disprove the charge of paganism by EuroAmerican ethnographic and anthropological scholars against African Traditional Religions argues that traditional African religions are monotheistic. He insists that these traditional religious cultures have the same conception of God as found in the Abrahamic religions. The shared characteristics, according to him are foundational to the spread of the “gospel” in Africa. Mbiti’s effort, though motivated by the desire to refute the imperial charge of inferiority against African religions ran, I argue, into a conceptual and descriptive conflation of ATRs with monotheistic faiths. In this paper, I challenge the superimposition of Judeo-Christian categories upon African religions. I argue that monotheism is just a strand, out of many, that expresses belief in God(s), and that it differs substantially from the polytheistic pre-colonial African understanding of religion. I provide a panentheistic paradigm using traditional Igbo ontology and religion to refute Mbiti’s generalization. Keywords: Monotheism, African Traditional Religion, Igbo, Paganism, Theology.

A COMPERATIVE STUDY OF EXORCISM BETWEEN THE AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION AND PENTECOSTALISM

The belief in the existence of the evil spirits throughout the human history of religious beliefs and adherence has led to the belief that these evil spirits possess people and things and influence them to act weirdly and unholy hence the need to cast them away of the human life. Exorcism has been a prominent practice among the African traditional religions and Christian churches such as Pentecostals. They have been using exorcism to treat suspected victims of demonic possession. The practice of exorcism by ATRs and Pentecostal churches show some resemblance and dissimilarities. The similarities and dissimilarities between the two cover two major areas; diagnostic methods and exorcism practice. Each of the two religions has its distinctive and elaborate diagnostic and exorcism features, yet there are areas of semblance. Exorcism is an integral part of religion. Every religion practices this religious activity some more often than the others. Therefore, having a detailed glance at exorcism from the African traditional religion and Pentecostal churches from a comparative analytical perspective is imperative. An attempt to discuss the meaning of exorcism, healing, spirits, and spirit possession from both ATR and Pentecostalism is imperiously unavoidable.

Decoupling African Traditional Religion and Culture from the Family Life of Africans: Calculated Steps in Disguise

Even though African Traditional Religion and Cultural family life seem to have been detached from the indigenous Africans, with many reasons accounting for such a detach, the attempts made by the new wave of Christianity is paramount, under the cloak of salvation and better life. The paper focuses on the steps taken by Pentecostal-Charismatics in Africa to decouple African Traditional Religion and Culture from the family life of Africans in a disguised manner. The paper begins with the retrospection of African Traditional Religion as the religion with belief of the forefathers concerning the existence of the Supreme Being, divinities, Spirit beings, Ancestors, and mysterious powers, good and evil and the afterlife. It then walks readers through the encounter between Christianity and ATR and come out that Christianity from its earliest history has maintained a negative attitude toward ATR. The paper again explores that the traditional understanding of the African family system is portrayed in the common believe system and the functions of the family com-ponents. Again, the paper further unravels decoupling measures such as reaching the masses for audience, demonization of African the world of the spirit, demonization of African elders, pastors as-suming the traditional position of elders of African families are the factors that are being taken to ensure the taking away of African traditional religious and family life from Africans. The paper again discusses the adverse effects of these decoupling factors on Africans. The paper concludes that Traditional African family patterns are slowly but progressively being altered as a result of the process of the decoupling strategies.

From Saul the Pharisee to Paul the Apostle: The Conversion of Paul, a Prototype for Africans’ Conversion to Christianity?

This article grapples with the question of the relevance of Paul’s conversion in Acts 8-9 in relation to the current African conversion to Christianity. While for many years, scholars have considered the conversion of Paul on his way to Damascus as a proto-type for people’s conversion to Christianity from other religions, this article argues that it can hardly be regarded in that way for African people’s conversion from African Traditional Religion (ATR) to Christianity due to the nature of ATR and its major emphasis. Christianity mostly emphasizes “other-worldly” affairs neglecting “this-worldly” affairs of humanity being conceived as a religion of the “hereafter,” the heavenly religion having little to do with this-worldly affairs. Instead, ATR, due to its concern about people’s current world’s predicaments becomes a religion favored by most Africans even after their conversion to Christianity. Keywords: Paul’s Conversion, Prototype, Christian Conversion, African Traditional Religion.

Overcoming Conflict Between Religious and Cultural Freedom and Women's Rights in Africa

Scholarship is generally divided between those who view female circumcision as a religious ritual to be observed, and those who consider the practice as cruel and human right abuse. This lends credence to the ethical question: what should be done when the exercise of the rituals of female circumcision, which is central to African Traditional Religion, entails transgression of fundamental rights? Relying on John Rawls' model and rights based approach. This study examines African religious landscape characterized with this disagreement. With an insight provided into understanding this conflict, a criterion on what should constitute an appropriate interaction is thus supplied.