prescriptive literature
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Giannetti

As the long sixteenth century came to a close, new positive ideas of gusto/taste opened a rich counter vision of food and taste where material practice, sensory perceptions and imagination contended with traditional social values, morality, and dietetic/medical discourse. Exploring the complex and evocative ways the early modern Italian culture of food was imagined in the literature of the time, Food Culture and the Literary Imagination in Early Modern Italy reveals that while a moral and disciplinary vision tried to control the discourse on food and eating in medical and dietetic treatises of the sixteenth century and prescriptive literature, a wide range of literary works contributed to a revolution in eating and taste. In the process long held visions of food and eating, as related to social order and hierarchy, medicine, sexuality and gender, religion and morality, pleasure and the senses, were questioned, tested and overturned, and eating and its pleasures would never be the same.


2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Kristen B. Neuschel

This introductory chapter provides an overview of swords. If the sword was the most symbolically potent of all of a warrior's weapons, as most scholars of material culture and aristocratic life believe, and perhaps the most potent of all his belongings, one should pause to look at the change in the design and use of swords more closely. How could an object so important, with such symbolic valence — not to mention usefulness in combat — change in appearance and function so quickly? Historians of warfare have argued that the rise of gunpowder weapons was dramatic, in fact traumatic for elite warriors, but have not asked as much about the mutations of swords. A number of scholars have also studied the prescriptive literature about swordsmanship and dueling, which began to proliferate in the sixteenth century after the spread of print technology. Few, however, have examined material culture. The book presents evidence about swords in the possession of aristocrats and more humble fighters, as well as royalty, found in records generated by their households or from contemporary observers. It investigates the practical and symbolic uses of swords as weapons, as gifts, as markers of authority, and as talismans of identity.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-39
Author(s):  
Muhammad Bintang Pratama ◽  
Muhammad Adib Afiq ◽  
Novita Ratna Cindi F ◽  
Savira Auril

This study analyzes the philosophical dilemma of the implementation of the theory of justice, the problem of the use of land rights between the Amungme Indigenous Tribe and PT Freeport Indonesia. This research is normative legal research using secondary data sources through prescriptive literature studies. The results show that there are problems in the use of land ownership rights; there are contradictions in the use of reasons for claiming ownership rights over the disputed land. The Amungme Adat tribe adheres to the theory of natural law with concrete implementation in the form of traditional customs which considers disputed land as ancestral heritage land, which is the absolute right of the Amungme Adat tribe. Meanwhile, PT Freeport Indonesia uses positivist legal theory with concrete implementation in the form of the use of Contract of Work and Agreement as positive law which is used as a strong basis for claiming ownership rights over the disputed land. In this research, we will discuss the philosophical dilemma of the implementation of the theory of justice comprehensively, the problem of the use of land rights between the Amungme Indigenous Tribe and PT Freeport Indonesia based on the use of the theory of justice. The limitation of this research lies in the study using literature data sources without empirical research. In the future, it is hoped that similar research can use this research as an essential reference in conducting research that can obtain factual data in the field so that it can provide more accurate results.


2020 ◽  
pp. 136-165
Author(s):  
Glenda Goodman

Amateur music-making was often labeled a feminine “accomplishment”—a designation that carried ambivalent connotations. The extensive and contradictory prescriptive literature about accomplishments, and the broader discussion about women’s education of which it was a part, deemed musical ability at once essential and frivolous. The justifications for accomplishments cohered primarily around the theme of patriarchal authority: pleasing fathers and husbands and attracting potential mates. Warnings regarding accomplishments stemmed from scenarios where such justifications went awry (with foolish fathers and rakish suitors). Yet the lived experiences of amateur musicians show that young women took pleasure in the self-fashioning opportunities musical performances afforded. Moreover, in courtship and marriage, music served not simply to please and entertain others, but, as Sarah Brown’s experiences demonstrate, also was a critical mode through which family intimacy was built and maintained.


2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-232
Author(s):  
Arnošt Veselý

Despite the fact that our knowledge on how policies are designed has substantially improved during the last two decades, prescriptive literature on policy formulation remains largely disconnected from these new findings. The article examines five major assumptions upon which policy formulation is still predominantly based: (a) there is one way policies are and should be formulated; (b) effective formulation of policies is more about the right application of methods than of the substance of a policy domain; (c) policy formulation is about choosing from mutually exclusive alternatives; (d) problem definition has priority over problem solution; (e) there is a clear distinction between policy formulation, adoption and implementation. This article shows why these assumptions are outdated and that they lead to many practical problems in the teaching of policy analysis. It is argued that policy formulation guidelines and training in policy formulation should be based on current policy design scholarship that stresses, for instance, the importance of local knowledge, deep understanding of actors’ perspectives and the need to formulate policy packages. The article concludes with preliminary recommendations on how to move forward, illustrated with concrete examples from practice.


Author(s):  
Carolyn James

Drawing extensively on unpublished archival sources, this book analyses the marriage of Isabella d’Este, one of the most famous figures of the Italian Renaissance, and her less well-known husband, Francesco Gonzaga, ruler of the small northern Italian principality of Mantua (r. 1484–1519). It offers fresh insights into the nature of political marriages during the early modern period by investigating the forces which shaped the lives of an aristocratic couple who, within several years of their wedding, had to deal with the political challenges posed by the first conflicts of the Italian Wars (1494–1559) and, later, the scourge of the Great Pox. The study humanizes a relationship that was organized for entirely strategic reasons, but had to be inhabited emotionally if it was to produce the political and dynastic advantages that had inspired the match. The letter exchanges of Isabella and Francesco over twenty-nine years, as well as their correspondence with relatives and courtiers, show how their personal rapport evolved and how they cooperated in the governance of a princely state. Hitherto examined mainly from literary and religious perspectives and on the basis of legal evidence and prescriptive literature, early modern marriage emerges here in vivid detail, offering the reader access to aspects of the lived experience of an elite Renaissance spousal relationship. The book also contributes to our understanding of the history of emotions, of politics and military conflict, of childbirth, childhood, and family life, and of the history of disease and medicine.


2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Shirley Teresa Wajda

The word kitchen has done as much work in the English language as the people who have toiled in the space the word names. The Bard himself, William Shakespeare, “verbed” the term in 1623, using kitchen to mean serving the food in the space in which it was prepared: “There is a fat friend at your master’s house, That kitchin’d me for you to day at dinner.” A century later, Scots used the term as a synonym for both pleasurable eating and frugality—for seasoning food and for budgeting and provisioning food beyond harvest. By the end of the nineteenth century, kitchening was interchangeable with cooking, food service, and the related work undertaken in this domestic production space. Existing examinations of the American kitchen emphasize the architectural design of the space, often pointing to technological and energy innovations as factors for the space’s changing design over the centuries. Historians of women and labor also stress mechanization, arguing that the technologies touted as labor saving were, in reality, not—in many cases, new technology raised standards and increased women’s work. Understanding this, scholars have focused on women’s decisions about kitchen design and cookery, seeking evidence in diaries, letters, and recipes. Rising research interest in food studies has renewed scholarly attention to the kitchen and its contents and occupants, linking in interesting ways food, material culture, labor, and consumption. In this presentation I discuss how attention to the material and visual evidence of American women’s kitchening, from making food to (re)modeling the workspace of the kitchen itself, improves our understanding of the history of the kitchen derived from prescriptive literature such as household manuals and home economics texts. I consider the related changes in domestic kitchens and American foodways in the United States since the 1840s, when the processes of industrialization shifted the ways Americans worked and ate. Last, I devote attention to the ways in which American museums have and continue to collect and display kitchen objects. Museums depicting preindustrial kitchens often feature cooking demonstrations utilizing the era’s tools and foodways or emphasize the dining experience, while museums with industrial and postindustrial collections display the kitchen and its mass-produced material culture as aesthetically delightful products of design divorced from the foods these objects help to prepare. I hope this presentation may elicit a discussion about what museums should be collecting to represent kitchening in the 21st century.


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