The Role of Attitude Modification Interventions in the Reduction of Orofacial Pain in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment: A Scoping Review

By summarizing evidence from existing literature, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of attitude modification interventions in the reduction of orthodontic pain in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. A comprehensive search strategy was implemented using both manual and electronic search methods to identify both indexed and nonindexed articles in databases as well as to reduce the possibility of excluding relevant studies by chance. The online database search strategy incorporated the following databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCO from 1940 to May 2020. The results of this review suggest that attitude modification interventions including cognitive behavioral therapy, structured phone calls, and text messages are effective methods in the reduction of pain intensity in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. In conclusion, attitude modification methods are promising and safe nonpharmacological interventions that can be used to control pain in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment without having any side effects or complications.

Attitudes Towards School Violence: A Qualitative Study With Spanish Children

School violence is a social issue of particular interest both for intervention and research. Attitudes towards violence have been reported in the literature as relevant variables for evaluation, prevention, and intervention in this field. This study aims to examine in-depth attitudes toward school violence. The sample consists of 96 participants from Spanish Elementary Education and Compulsory Secondary Education schools. A qualitative study was conducted through focus groups and thematic analysis of the data. The results identify a habitual set of attitudes towards violence in children. These are related to violence as a way to feel better or increase self-esteem, as leisure or fun, perceived as legitimate, when violence is exercised against those who are different, when it has no consequences, to resolve conflicts, to socialize, and to attract the attention of peers. These results could serve as a basis for the creation of evaluation tools, as well as the design of prevention and intervention plans based on attitude modification.

Attitude-Adjustment-Induced Sloshing Characteristics in a Satellite Propellant Tank

The fluid sloshing behavior in a propellant tank is a major concern for the control and stabilization of a spacecraft. This research aims to investigate the attitude-adjustment-induced sloshing phenomenon in a satellite propellant tank under microgravities. In the analysis, the complicated interfacial flow was simulated using the transient three-dimensional conservation equations of mass and momentum with treatment of the surface tension effect at the interface boundary by the continuum surface force (CSF) model. The volume-of-fluid (VOF) method in conjunction with the piecewise linear interface construction (PLIC) technique was also utilized to describe the fluid interface motions. Computations were performed to simulate the sloshing process in the FORMOSAT-2 propellant tank for determining the impact disturbance properties generated during the pitch maneuver. Because the predicted disturbance moments were well below the design control moments, the attitude-adjustment-induced sloshing effect would not cause any performance deterioration for satisfactory attitude modification of the satellite.

Attitudes Affecting Physical Dating Violence Perpetration and Victimization: Findings From Adolescents in a High-Risk Urban Community

This study examines the associations between attitudes supporting physical dating violence against boys hitting girls and girls hitting boys and experiences with physical dating violence perpetration and victimization among youth in a high-risk community. Cross-sectional logistic regression analyses are based on data from the Youth Violence Survey, conducted in 2004, and administered to more than 80% of public school students in grades 7, 9, 11, and 12 (N= 4,131) in an urban school district. Findings show that attitudes supporting physical dating violence against boys and girls are significantly associated with physical dating violence perpetration and victimization. Prevention programs that seek to reduce physical dating violence among adolescents may benefit from including sex-specific attitude modification as part of a comprehensive violence prevention approach.