Is the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights in an Existential Crisis?

Employing a sociological perspective on the law, this study explores instances of resistance against the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, the African Union’s continental human rights judicial body. This approach allows us to examine different forms of resistance that might not necessarily be of a legal character, but which may still have profound implications for the Court’s authority, legitimacy, and operation. Accordingly, the article identifies two forms of resistance against the African Court: ‘pushback’ and ‘backlash’. The former refers to an ordinary form of critique directed against the overall development of an international court, while the latter is understood as an extraordinary form of critique that puts the fundamental authority of a court at stake. While pushback was mainly seen in the early stages of the Court’s establishment, backlash started to emerge following its ground-breaking judgments that caused heated debates on controversial topics. This article concludes that based on the identified and analysed forms of resistance, it is doubtful that the African Court can maintain and fulfil the purpose for which it was established: the protection and promotion of human rights in Africa.

PENGHARGAAN PROFESI GURU SEBAGAI AGEN PERUBAHAN

Appreciation for the success of teachers as agents of change is an extraordinary form of motivation for teachers. The competitive climate in the environment for teachers will be even more motivated. All teachers have expectations and compete for awards as outstanding and quality teachers in order to improve the professionalism of their duties. Apart from appreciation in a profession, it is no less important, namely protection in carrying out obligations both legally and in other ways. Protection greatly affects the productive performance of a teacher. Efforts to educate the nation's life are the responsibility of education, especially in preparing students to become subjects who fear God Almighty, have a noble character, are tough, creative, independent, democratic, and professional in their respective fields.

Модель поведения гранулярного ВТСП во внешнем магнитном поле: температурная эволюция гистерезиса магнитосопротивления

A model for describing the magnetoresistance behavior in a granular high-temperature superconductor (HTS) that has been developed in the last decade explains a fairly extraordinary form of the hysteretic R ( H ) dependences at T = const and their hysteretic features, including the local maximum, the negative magnetoresistance region, and the local minimum. In the framework of this model, the effective field B _eff in the intergrain medium has been considered, which represents a superposition of the external field and the field induced by the magnetic moments of HTS grains. This field can be written in the form B _eff( H ) = H + 4πα M ( H ), where M ( H ) is the experimental field dependence of the magnetization and α is the parameter of crowding of the magnetic induction lines in the intergrain medium. Therefore, the magnetoresistance is a function of not simply an external field, but also the “internal” effective field R ( H ) = f ( B _eff( H )). The magnetoresistance of the granular YBa_2Cu_3O_7 – δ HTS has been investigated in a wide temperature range. The experimental hysteretic R ( H ) dependences obtained in the high -temperature range (77–90 K) are well explained using the developed model and the parameter α is 20–25. However, at a temperature of 4.2 K, no local extrema are observed, although the expression for B _eff( H ) predicts them and the parameter α somewhat increases (~30–35) at this temperature. An additional factor that must be taken into account in this model can be the redistribution of the microscopic current trajectories, which also affects the dissipation in the intergrain medium. At low temperatures under the strong magnetic flux compression (α ~ 30–35), the microscopic trajectories of the current I _ m can change and tunneling through the neighboring grain is preferred, but the angle between I _ m and B _eff will be noticeably smaller than 90°, although the external (and effective) field direction is perpendicular to the macroscopic current direction.

Introduction

Until 1968, burglary was defined both legally and culturally as an extraordinary form of theft occurring between the ‘night-time’ hours of nine p.m. and six a.m., entwining the crime with visions of a shadowy, nightmarish nocturnal cityscape. Juxtaposing the horror of victims with the glamorous, sexy breed of ‘gentleman’ burglar gracing international cinema screens in phenomenally successful films such as Raffles (1939), the Introduction explores the vastly contradictory responses to the crime during the period 1860 and 1968. Encompassing not only fear-mongering accounts of the crime, but also those designed to excite, to challenge preconceptions, and to entertain, it maps out how these conflicting versions of burglary and burglars articulated broader social, political, and economic concerns. These included: the advent of mass literacy and growing demand for stories of crime that reflected the concerns of an audience of diverse class, age, and gender; the commercial imperatives of the insurance and entertainment industries as the middle classes expanded, including the development of household insurance and the popularity of the ‘true crime’ genre; the backlash against the evolving women’s movement and its alignment with new forms of criminality; and the evolution of new modes of policing and regulation, particularly forensic science. Following social surveyor Charles Booth’s observation that burglary was London’s ‘most characteristic crime’ in the early 1900s, the Introduction examines how the metropolis became peculiarly identified with burglars’ most daring exploits—and how the city itself was transformed by its association with the crime.

Through a Glass Darkly: Divination and Magic

This chapter assesses divination. Divination consists of soliciting and receiving messages from the gods; it is in some sense the reverse of prayer, since it is communication from gods to mortals. As with prayer, divination is an area in which the definition of magic as an extraordinary form of ritualized action becomes particularly useful. Like prayer and sacrifice, divination forms a large part of the order of normal religion in the Greco-Roman world, so divination is only labeled “magic” when it makes claims to authority far outside this normal order, either as a superlatively efficacious procedure that depends on specialized arcane knowledge or, conversely, as a bit of traditional superstition that seems ineffective in comparison with the normally accepted procedures. Technical, indirect, or artificial divination consists in the observation of significant phenomena and the puzzling out of the significance, whereas natural or inspired divination does not rely on such interpretive techniques but rather on interpersonal communication with the divine.

Menstruation as a Weapon of War: The Politics of the Bleeding Body for Women on Political Protest at Armagh Prison, Northern Ireland

This article draws on the voices of women political prisoners who were detained at Armagh Prison during the period of the Troubles or the Conflict in Northern Ireland. It focuses on women who undertook an extraordinary form of protest against the prison authorities during the 1980s, known as the No Wash Protest. As the prisoners were prevented from leaving their cells by prison officer either to wash or to use the toilet, the women, living in the midst of their own dirt and body waste, added menstrual blood as a form of protest.

KORELACJA WAD OŚWIADCZENIA WOLI PRZY ZAWARCIU MAŁŻEŃSTWA NA GRUNCIE PRAWA KANONICZNEGO I POLSKIEGO

CORRELATION OF DEFECTS OF DECLARATION OF INTENT WHEN ENTERING INTO MATRIMONY UNDER CANON LAW CODE AND FAMILY AND GUARDIANSHIP CODE Summary The analysis concerns the intertwining of the areas of secular and canon law with regard to defects of a declaration of will at the time of contracting a marriage. The author proceeds from an analysis of the historic background to denominational marriages starting with the 1557 Synod of Piotrków, until the 1917 enactment of the Canon Law Code (Kodeks Prawa Kanonicznego, „KPK”), when a uniform approach to marriage was adopted in the whole Universal Church. He goes on to look into the question of the forms of contracting a marriage, both the ordinary and the extraordinary form, based on the provisions of the Canon Law Code from 1983. A further part of the analysis looks back at the historical evolution of the regulations relating to the defects of the declaration of will in Polish matrimonial legislation, with emphasis on the periods when Poland was partitioned by the neighboring powers and on post-WWII Polish and international legislation relating to family matters. The article ends with an analysis of the defects of declarations of intent made in connection with entering into matrimony under the KPK and under the Family and Guardianship Code („KRO”). Under the former, these include: the lack of sufficient use of reason, significant absence of the person’s awareness of material marital rights and duties, mental inability to accept significant marital duties, error, trickery, simulation of marital consent, conditional consent, coercion or fear, while under KRO these would include: lack of awareness of a declaration of will, mistake concerning a person and threat.