Factors Affecting Land Conversion From Rice Plants to Lime Plants in Watabenua Village Landono District

This study aims to determine what factors influence land conversion from lowland rice plantations to lime plantations in Watabenua Village, Landono District. The population in this study were all farmers who had converted land in Watabenua Village, Landono District, South Konawe Regency, and as many as 33 people, where all were used as samples by the census method 33 respondents. The analytical method used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study are the factors that affect the conversion of land from lowland rice plantations to lime plantations in Watabenua Village are the cost of citrus production. In contrast, the factors that do not affect land conversion are rice income, the distance between irrigation water sources to rice fields, the price of another product, namely oranges.

Environmental History of Rice Plantations in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire Between the 15th And 19th Centuries and Its Potential for Climate Research

Historians readily discuss the effect of climate change on the 21st century, but Ottomanists rarely reference palaeoclimatology data. This research compares palaeoclimatological data with documentary evidence from institutionalized rice plantations in the Ottoman Empire. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, the empire employed a group of experts for the cultivation of rice in the vast region between the Tigris and the Danube. Extensive registers exist from this period in archives that give documentary evidence about the organization of plantations, yields, prices and destructive floods. The objective of the study, as presented in this article, is to find rice-related phenological data in Ottoman Archive registers. It utilizes a comparative analysis of the Old World Drought Atlas (OWDA) summer precipitation data reconstructed by Cook et al. (2015), temperature changes, documentary evidence about seasonal extremes and archival evidence. The comparison shows that palaeoclimatology proxies are important sources of information regarding changes in rice cultivation. It also indicates that the Ottoman archive is a valuable source of possible phenological data. Thus, research sources from nature and societies complement one another. The comparison also demonstrates that climate change during the Ottoman Empire’s reign showed regional differences, and a local comparison of phenological data and palaeoclimatological data can explain more about the effects of the Little Ice Age (LIA) on the empire.

Fimbristylis littoralis (lesser fimbristylis).

F. littoralis is a tufted leafy annual or short-lived herb (sedge) included in the Global Compendium of Weeds where it is listed as an agricultural and environmental weed (Randall, 2012). It has escaped from cultivation and become established along waterways and wetlands (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2014). The species is of particular concern in rice plantations around the world (Holm et al., 1977). It shows allelopathic activity and once established it can change features of ecosystem functions including hydrological cycles, biophysical dynamics, nutrient cycles, and community composition (Holm et al., 1977; Holou et al., 2013).

A Review of Detection of Pest Problem in Rice Farming by using Blockchain and IoT Technologies

Pest can be a serious topic in agricultural areas especially rice plantations. The pest destroys the plants before harvesting time. Because of the presence of the pest, the yield of agricultural products is decreasing. From a technical point of view, an agricultural professional should identify not only the type of pest that destroys rice plants but also overcome the pest. This research proposes a paper review on pest detection systems by using Blockchain technology and the Internet of Things involving all parties involved. The use of the review is to have a broad overview regarding the functional combination between IoT and Blockchain technologies to reduce the pest problems. Smart contract technology Blockchain may be held to determine automatic alert in the system and know how to resolve the problem accurately and all information is verified by blockchain system without a human interception. IoT devices can be attached to rice plantations to monitor, determine and send the information of the pests. Our paper explains the combination of IoT and Blockchain technologies in order to improve any possibility of success rate by getting the pests. Thus, IoT replaces human manual checking in pest identification to reduce human error. So that, the harvesting time can be increased and the agriculture yields are good. The search comparison results show that ScienceDirect has the highest search value

Croton argenteus (silver July croton).

C. argenteus is an herbaceous weed of open sunny sites, pastures, and agricultural lands. It is also a common weed in rice plantations (González, 2000). Because this species grows in seasonally waterlogged areas, its seeds are often dispersed as a contaminant in dried and wet mud (Standley and Steyermark, 1946). Currently, it is listed as invasive only in Cuba, but it is a common weed in dry and wet fields in areas within and outside its native distribution range (Oviedo Prieto et al., 2012; USDA-NRCS, 2015).

Systematic Analysis of c-di-GMP Signaling Mechanisms and Biological Functions in Dickeya zeae EC1

ABSTRACT Dickeya zeae is an important and aggressive bacterial phytopathogen that can cause substantial economic losses in banana and rice plantations. We previously showed that c-di-GMP signaling proteins (cyclases/phosphodiesterases) in D. zeae strain EC1 play a significant role in the bacterial sessile-to-motile transition. To determine whether there is any synergistic effect among these c-di-GMP signaling proteins, we prepared a series of mutant strains by generating consecutive in-frame deletions of the genes encoding diguanylate cyclases (which make c-di-GMP) and phosphodiesterases (which break down c-di-GMP), respectively, using EC1 as a parental strain. The results showed that the complete deletion of all the putative diguanylate cyclases resulted in significantly increased bacterial motility and abrogated biofilm formation but did not appear to affect pathogenicity and virulence factor production. In contrast, the deletion of all the c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase genes disabled motility and prevented the invasion of EC1 into rice seeds. By measuring the c-di-GMP concentrations and swimming motility of all the mutants, we propose that c-di-GMP controlled swimming behavior through a multitiered program in a c-di-GMP concentration-dependent manner, which could be described as an L-shaped regression curve. These features are quite different from those that have been shown for other bacterial species such as Salmonella and Caulobacter crescentus. Further analysis identified three c-di-GMP signaling proteins, i.e., PDE10355, DGC14945, and PDE14950, that play dominant roles in influencing the global c-di-GMP pool of strain EC1. The findings from this study highlight the complexity and plasticity of c-di-GMP regulatory circuits in different bacterial species. IMPORTANCE Dickeya zeae is the etiological agent of bacterial foot rot disease, which can cause massive economic losses in banana and rice plantations. Genome sequence analysis showed that D. zeae strain EC1 contains multiple c-di-GMP turnover genes, but their roles and regulatory mechanisms in bacterial physiology and virulence remain vague. By generating consecutive in-frame deletion mutants of the genes encoding c-di-GMP biosynthesis and degradation, respectively, we analyzed the individual and collective impacts of these c-di-GMP metabolic genes on the c-di-GMP global pool, bacterial physiology, and virulence. The significance of our study is in identifying the mechanism of c-di-GMP signaling in strain EC1 more clearly, which expands the c-di-GMP regulating patterns in Gram-negative species. The methods and experimental designs in this research will provide a valuable reference for the exploration of the complex c-di-GMP regulation mechanisms in other bacteria.

Effects of Ottoman Rice Plantations in South-eastern European Landscape: Climate Change, Hydrology and Disease

<p>Humid weather conditions of the sixteenth century enabled the introduction of aqua crops to Southeastern European landscapes. The Ottoman government employed a group of experts for the cultivation of rice to implement and rehabilitate rice production. Rice plantations, as an anthropogenic intrusion in the region between Tigris to the Danube, had a fundamental social and environmental impact. Organization of human resources on a large scale; land reclamations, deforestation, and kilometres-long irrigation work changed the landscape, produced seasonal miasma and aquatic pests. Ottoman rice plantations transformed the Southeastern European socio-ecological landscapes in early modern times. Historical data about the Ottoman rice plantations open new insights for improving our knowledge about climate history, the history of riverbeds and the history of malaria in this landscape. The study presents a monography of the plantations with historical drawings and maps, showing the farms on river beds, delineates the responsiveness of the rice harvest to precipitation and temperature changes and maps the triggered aquatic pests due to climate change and deforestation. The presentation aims at opening a historical perspective to today's questions on climate change, hydrology and vector caused diseases.</p>

SPESIES CAPUNG (ORDO ODONATA) PADA PERTANAMAN PADI DI BEBERAPA SAWAH SEKITAR DENPASAR, BALI

Dragonfly is an insect which belongs to the Odonata order and consists of the suborder Anisoptera (dragonflies) and the suborder Zygoptera (damselflies). Its habitat is very wide including in the rice field. Dragonflies and damselflies are predatory insects, both in the form of nymphs and adults, so their role is very important in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. The research was conducted to finding out the dragonfly species found in rice plantations in rice fields around the Denpasar area. Sampling was done by catching using insect nets on rice plantations, in the morning from 08.00 to 11.00 WITA, and in the afternoon from 15.00 to 17.00 WITA. Dragonfly samples obtained were then preserved to be identified by observing the morphological characters based on Hanum et al. (2013), and Sigit et al. (2013). Dragonfly species found in rice plantations areas in several rice fields around Denpasar are as many as 8 species which are included in 2 suborder, namely suborder Anisoptera (5 species) and suborder Zygoptera (3 species), Species of suborder Anisoptera (Potamarcha congener) only found in rice plantations in East Denpasar. Keywords: insects, dragonfly habitat, identification, morphological characters