Effects of Ottoman Rice Plantations in South-eastern European Landscape: Climate Change, Hydrology and Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Özlem Sert
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Climate History ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Large Scale Land ◽  
Rice Plantations

<p>Humid weather conditions of the sixteenth century enabled the introduction of aqua crops to Southeastern European landscapes. The Ottoman government employed a group of experts for the cultivation of rice to implement and rehabilitate rice production. Rice plantations, as an anthropogenic intrusion in the region between Tigris to the Danube, had a fundamental social and environmental impact. Organization of human resources on a large scale; land reclamations, deforestation, and kilometres-long irrigation work changed the landscape, produced seasonal miasma and aquatic pests. Ottoman rice plantations transformed the Southeastern European socio-ecological landscapes in early modern times. Historical data about the Ottoman rice plantations open new insights for improving our knowledge about climate history, the history of riverbeds and the history of malaria in this landscape. The study presents a monography of the plantations with historical drawings and maps, showing the farms on river beds, delineates the responsiveness of the rice harvest to precipitation and temperature changes and maps the triggered aquatic pests due to climate change and deforestation. The presentation aims at opening a historical perspective to today's questions on climate change, hydrology and vector caused diseases.</p>

Does climate change affect the chronobiological trends in occurrence of acute coronary syndromes?

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Kuzma ◽  
A Kurasz ◽  
M Niwinska ◽  
EJ Dabrowski ◽  
M Swieczkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Acute Coronary Syndromes ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Coronary Syndromes ◽  
Atmospheric Changes

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are the leading cause of death all over the world, in the last years chronobiology of their occurrence has been changing. Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the influence of climate change on hospital admissions due to ACS. Methods Medical records of 10,529 patients hospitalized for ACS in 2008–2017 were examined. Weather conditions data were obtained from the Institute of Meteorology. Results Among the patients, 3537 (33.6%) were hospitalized for STEMI, 3947 (37.5%) for NSTEMI, and 3045 (28.9%) for UA. The highest seasonal mean for ACS was recorded in spring (N = 2782, mean = 2.52, SD = 1.7; OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.0-1.2; P = 0.049) and it was a season with the highest temperature changes day to day (Δ temp.=11.7). On the other hand, every 10ºC change in temperature was associated with an increased admission due to ACS by 13% (RR 1.13; 95% CI 1.04-1.3; P = 0.008). Analysis of weekly changes showed that the highest frequency of ACS occurred on Thursday (N = 1703, mean = 2.7, SD = 1.9; OR 1.16; 95% CI 1.0-1.23; P = 0.004), in STEMI subgroup it was Monday (N = 592, mean = 0.9, SD = 1.6, OR 1.2; 95% CI 1.1-1.4; P = 0.002). Sunday was associated with decreased admissions due to all types of ACS (N = 1098, mean = 1.7, SD = 1.4; OR 0.69; 95% CI 0.6-0.8, P < 0.001). In the second half of the study period (2013-2018) the relative risks of hospital admissions due to ACS were 1.043 (95%CI: 1.009-1.079, P = 0.014, lag 0) and 0.957 (95%CI: 0.925-0.990, P = 0.010, lag 1) for each 10ºC decrease in temperature; 1.049 (95% CI: 1.015-1.084, P = 0.004, lag 0) and 1.045 (95%CI: 1.011-1.080, P = 0.008, lag 1) for each 10 hPa decrease in atmospheric pressure and 1.180 (95% CI: 1.078-1.324, P = 0.007, lag 0) for every 10ºC change in temperature. For the first half of the study the risk was significantly lower. Conclusion We observed a shift in the seasonal peak of ACS occurrence from winter to spring which may be related to temperature fluctuation associated with climate change in this season. The lowest frequency of ACS took place on weekends. Atmospheric changes had a much more pronounced effect on admissions due to ACS in the second half of the analyzed period, which is in line with the dynamics of global climate change.

Holocene Vegetation and Climate History of the Northern Bighorn Basin, Southern Montana

2002 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. Lyford ◽  
Julio L. Betancourt ◽  
Stephen T. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Bighorn Basin ◽  
Downward Movement ◽  
Climate History ◽  
Juniperus Osteosperma ◽  
Rocky Mountain Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vegetation And Climate

AbstractRecords of Holocene vegetation and climate change at low elevations (<2000 m) are rare in the central Rocky Mountain region. We developed a record of Holocene vegetation and climate change from 55 14C-dated woodrat middens at two low-elevation sites (1275 to 1590 m), currently vegetated by Juniperus osteosperma woodlands, in the northern Bighorn Basin. Macrofossil and pollen analyses show that the early Holocene was cooler than today, with warming and drying in the middle Holocene. During the Holocene, boreal (Juniperus communis, J. horizontalis) and montane species (J. scopulorum) were replaced by a Great Basin species (J. osteosperma). J. osteosperma colonized the east side of the Pryor Mountains 4700 14C yr B.P. Downward movement of lower treeline indicates wetter conditions between 4400 and 2700 14C yr B.P. Increased aridity after 2700 14C yr B.P. initiated expansion of J. osteosperma from the east to west side of the Pryor Mountains.

scholarly journals Effects of Climate Change on Epidemics of Powdery Mildew in Winter Wheat in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (10) ◽  
pp. 1753-1760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuli Tang ◽  
Xueren Cao ◽  
Xiangming Xu ◽  
Yuying Jiang ◽  
Yong Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Disease Epidemics

Powdery mildew is a highly destructive winter wheat pathogen in China. Since the causative agent is sensitive to changing weather conditions, we analyzed climatic records from regions with previous wheat powdery mildew epidemics (1970 to 2012) and investigated the long-term effects of climate change on the percent acreage (PA) of the disease. Then, using PA and the pathogen’s temperature requirements, we constructed a multiregression model to predict changes in epidemics during the 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s under representative concentration pathways RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5. Mean monthly air temperature increased from 1970 to 2012, whereas hours of sunshine and relative humidity decreased (P < 0.001). Year-to-year temperature changes were negatively associated with those of PA during oversummering and late spring periods of disease epidemics, whereas positive relationships were noted for other periods, and year-to-year changes in relative humidity were correlated with PA changes in the early spring period of disease epidemics (P < 0.001). Our models also predicted that PA would increase less under RCP2.6 (14.43%) than under RCP4.5 (14.51%) by the 2020s but would be higher by the 2050s and 2080s and would increase least under RCP8.5 (14.37% by the 2020s). Powdery mildew will, thus, pose an even greater threat to China’s winter wheat production in the future.

scholarly journals NINE SLOUGHS: PROFILING THE CLIMATE HISTORY OF THE YUAN AND MING DYNASTIES, 1260–1644†

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Brook
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Climate History ◽  
Climate Anomalies ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
State And Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

I have written this essay to address what I regard as a pressing need among China historians for a stronger model of climate change and its impact on state and society during the imperial period. We have all become acutely conscious of climate change as an element of our own world, yet few of us have considered the impact of climate, particularly climate change, on our subjects of study. China is not without its climate historians, and yet the collective research is still in an early phase. Aware of this problem for some time, I published preliminary findings in the form of a chronological profile of climate anomalies through the Yuan and Ming dynasties in 2010. Burying my findings in a textbook has meant that the periodization offered there has captured the interest of some students but gone largely ignored by scholars in the field. Since then I have done further research and have revised some of those findings, and would now like to offer a fuller presentation of methods and findings.

scholarly journals Does climate change affect the chronobiological trends in the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Kuźma ◽  
Anna Kurasz ◽  
Marta Niewinska ◽  
Małgorzata Zalewska-Adamiec ◽  
Hanna Bachórzewska-Gajewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronary Syndromes ◽  
Medical University

IntroductionAcute coronary syndromes (ACS) are the leading cause of death all over the world. In the last years, the chronobiology of their occurrence has been changing.Material and methodsMedical records of 10,529 patients hospitalized for ACS in the Medical University of Bialystok, in 2008–2017, were examined. Weather conditions data for Bialystok County were obtained from the Institute of Meteorology.Results: The highest seasonal mean for ACS was recorded in spring (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.00–1.18, p = 0.049) and it was the season with the largest temperature changes from day to day (∆ temp. = 11.01). On the other hand, every 10ºC change in temperature was associated with increased admission due to ACS by 13% (RR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.040–1.300, p = 0.008) and 12% in patients over 70 (RR = 1.118, 95% CI: 1.001–1.249, p = 0.048, lag 1). Analysis of weekly changes showed that the highest frequency of ACS occurred on Thursday (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.05–1.28, p = 0.003), while in the STEMI subgroup it was Monday (n = 592, mean = 0.94, SD = 1.04, OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.07–1.36, p = 0.003). Sunday was associated with decreased admissions due to all types of ACS (OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.63–0.77, p < 0.001).ConclusionsWeather conditions have an impact on ACS frequency and the elderly are more susceptible. We observed a shift in the seasonal peak of ACS occurrence from winter to spring which may be related to temperature fluctuations associated with climate change in this season. The lowest frequency of ACS took place on weekends.

7.  An Examination of the Use of Salix Arctica for Dendrochronological Studies in the Arctic

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Bassutti
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Proxy Records ◽  
Land Disturbance ◽  
Annual Growth Rings ◽  
Salix Arctica ◽  
Large Scale Land

Large scale land disturbances are occurring in sensitive Arctic regions as a result of climate change. These disturbances which are caused by permafrost melting and can damage fragile tundra ecosystems and have important impacts on downstream water quality. Determining the timeline of these disturbances will aid in the understanding of the effect of climate change in the Arctic. This can be performed through the analysis of environmental proxy records such as those found in the annual growth rings of trees, which express environmental stresses, such as those experienced during a land disturbance. Dendrochronology of the most northern occurring woody plant, Salix arctica (arctic willow) has been explored only a few times in the past, and its potential for paleoenvironmental studies in the Arctic have been largely over‐looked. We examined the thickness of annual growth rings from S. arctica from two areas of land disturbance on southern Melville Island, Nunavut. Common growth trends were found in both dead (snag) and living samples from the sites. Preliminary data show that a substantial disturbance in the growth of the samples is evident approximately 40 years ago and was likely due to land disturbance. These initial findings demonstrate the successful use of S. arctica as a paleoenvironmental indicator and provide useful tools to determine the timing of past permafrost disturbances and climate change in the Arctic. We are continuing to investigate additional samples from other sites to determine if the method can be used as a novel tool for understanding permafrost landscape dynamics.

scholarly journals Evolution of the system of protected areas in Western Australia

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
ODILE POULIQUEN-YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Nature Conservation ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Land Claims ◽  
Large Expansion ◽  
Australian Continent ◽  
History Of ◽  
Large Scale Land ◽  
Western Australian

The Western Australian system of protected areas (PAs) covers more than 15 million ha and is the second largest conservation estate of the Australian continent. An analysis of the history of the creation of PAs in Western Australia shows that the concept of nature conservation through reserves was slow to emerge. During the early decades of the century, reserves were mainly created for their recreation values. The lack of governmental interest in nature conservation led to a belated development of reserve coverage up to the 1950s, while vast areas of land were opened to farming and pastoralism. Following two scientifically-based reviews of the PA system, the number and coverage of PAs increased dramatically up to the late 1970s. The rationalization of the vesting and managerial responsibilities for PAs was only finalized in the 1980s. Since then, there has not been any large increase in PA area but a consolidation of the PA coverage. The development of the system of PAs has been impeded by the belated response of Western Australian governments to conservation concerns and a 'worthless' land approach to conservation as a land use. While large-scale land alienation for agriculture has now stopped, other types of land uses such as mining and other aspirations over land management and vesting, such as Aboriginal land claims and forestry are now constraining any large expansion of the PA system. Only an approach embracing the whole landscape can overcome the political and social limitations of the concept of PAs and the further degradation of developed land in Western Australia.

scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of Initiatives and Adaptation Measures To Climate Change Undertaken in Poland and Eastern EU Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-115
Author(s):  
Dorota Michalak
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Climate change is one of the greatest contemporary threats to our planet’s environmental, social and economic condition. It is accompanied by massive changes in life support systems on Earth, where its far‑reaching effects will be felt in the upcoming decades. The development of a national adaptation policy (strategy and/or plan) serves as an instrument that provides the necessary framework for adaptation by coordinating the consideration of climate change across relevant sectors, geographical scales, and levels of decision making. The purpose of this paper is to compare the degree of influence of climate change on the economy of the Eastern European Union and compare national strategies for adaptation to climate change in selected countries of Western Europe and Poland. The study shows that countries bearing the brunt of the negative impacts of climate change are Cyprus, Malta, Bulgaria and Poland. These countries recorded the highest climate change index, the greatest losses in terms of estimated GDP, household welfare, land losses, and lower incomes in the agricultural and tourism sectors. With appropriate adaptation measures, countries such as Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia can take advantage of the future changes in weather conditions. A shift in the productivity of the agricultural sector and tourism from south to north can be noted.

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