Frog and Toad at the Academy: Gareth B. Matthews on how children’s literature goes philosophical

Gareth B. Matthews (1929–2011) inaugurated the study of philosophy in children’s literature by simultaneously arguing (1) that philosophy is essentially an encounter with certain kinds of perplexities, (2) that genuine philosophical perplexities are readily found in many children’s stories, and (3) that many children are capable of appreciating and enjoying them. He wrote 58 reviews of philosophical children’s stories and co-authored a series of teacher guides for using such stories. Following Matthews’ example, others have produced resources recommending children’s stories as stimuli for intergenerational philosophical dialog. In our research, we study and systematize the different ways that Matthews understood children’s stories to go philosophical. Here, we introduce five of those ways: philosophical story irony, philosophical story fancy, thought experiment, philosophical fable, and philosophical story realism. For each of these ways, we define a set of literary elements and describe the kind of philosophical perplexity they invite, illustrating with examples from children’s literature reviewed and discussed by Matthews. We intend our article to shed new light on Matthews’ scholarship, to guide (ourselves and others) in locating some of the elements in children’s stories that occasion different types of philosophical perplexity, and to spark new conversations among philosophers and educators about this promising field.

Early Childhood Education: Contextual Thematic Teaching Materials Based on Classroom Activities

Contextual learning binds the content of the subjects in the classroom with the context of the children's daily lives. Learning in early childhood classes (0-8 years) is carried out using the thematic method, which combines several learning materials into one subject. Thematic teaching resources in early childhood classes are still limited in number and rely on textbooks provided by the government. This study aims to develop activity-based teaching materials to assess contextual thematic learning. This research method uses model development research by Borg and Gall with data collection techniques using panels and questionnaires on expert tests, one to one test, small-group test, and large-group test. The research data analysis technique used mixed methods, namely quantitative data tabulated in the form of percentages and described in the qualitative form. The expert test provides recommendations that the instrument can be used to assess student teaching materials and teacher guidance. Teaching materials and teacher guides are suitable for use, and further testing is carried out. Based on the results of the one-to-one test, small-group test, and large-group test, both teaching materials and teacher guides are readability and eligibility with an average of 85.00. The implication of this research, it is suggested that early childhood education institutions where the pilot can use teaching materials and teacher guides in developing and assessing activity-based contextual thematic learning for further research. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Contextual Thematic, Classroom Activities References: Aini, Q., & Relmasira, S. C. (2018). Penerapan Pembelajaran Tematik Integratif Berbasis Kontekstual untuk Meningkatkan Keaktifan dan Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas 1 SD. Sekolah Dasar: Kajian Teori Dan Praktik Pendidikan, 27(2), 124–132. https://doi.org/10.17977/um009v27i22018p124 Anggo, M., Kadir, Lambertus, Jazuli, L. O., Suhar, & Kansil, Y. E. (2015). Metacognitive strategies on mathematics learning to improve student’s environmental awareness. International Journal of Education and Research, 3(4), 133–142. Borg, W. R., & Gall, M. D. (2007). Educational Research An Introduction. Fourth Edition. Bacon Publishing. Crain, S., & Thornton, R. (2012). Syntax acquisition. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 3(2), 185–203. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1158 Daryanto. (2011). Media Pembelajaran. Satu Nusa. Davidova, J. (2020). Thematic Approach as The Basis of Integrative Music Teaching/Learning in Preschool. 4177–4185. https://doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2020.0934 Fadillah, A., Dewi, N. P. L. C., Ridho, D., Majid, A. N., & Prastiwi, M. N. B. P. (2017). The Effect of Application of Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) Model-Based on Lesson Study with Mind Mapping Media to Assess Student Learning Outcomes on Chemistry on Colloid Systems. International Journal of Science and Applied Science, 1(2), 101–108. Fogarty, R. (1991). Ten Ways to Integrate Curriculum. Educational Leadership, 49(2), 61–65. Johnson, E. B. (2007). Contextual Teaching & Learning (I. Setiawan, Ed.). MLC. Krasovska, O., Miskova, N., & Veremchuk, A. (2020). Professional Training of Future Preschool Teachers in the Field of Artistic and Aesthetic Education by Means of Contextual Learning Technologies. Behavioral Sciences, 10(2), 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10020050 Atwi Suparman. (2007). Desain Instruksional Modern: Panduan Para Pengajar dan Inovator Pendidikan. Erlangga. Majid, A. (2014). Pembelajaran Tematik Terpadu. Remaja Rosda Karya. Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (Third edition). SAGE Publications, Inc. Mudlofir, A. (2011). Aplikasi Pengembangan Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan dan Bahan Ajar dalam Pendidikan Agama Islam. Raja Grafindo Persada. Ormrod, J. E. (2008). Psikologi Pendidikan Membantu Siswa Tumbuh dan Berkembang, Erlangga, 2008 (6th ed.). Erlangga. Prastowo, A. (2011). Panduan kreatif membuat bahan ajar inovatif. Diva Press. Puskur. (2018). Monitoring dan Evaluasi Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Tematik. Puspita, A. M. I. (2018). The Effect of Contextual-Based Thematic Teaching Materials towards Student Learning Activity. Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Dasar, 3(2), 47–52. Sadjati, I. M. (2017). Hakikat Bahan Ajar (Vol. 3, Issue 1). Universitas Terbuka. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 Semiawan, C. R. (2008). Belajar dan Pembelajaran Prasekolah dan Sekolah Dasar. Indeks. Slavin, RobertE. (2018). Educational psychology. In Psychological Bulletin (12th ed.). Pearson. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0075790 Soedijarto, Thamrin, Karyadi, B., Siskandar, & Sumiyati. (2010). Sejarah Pusat Kurikulum. Sukmawati, F. (2015). Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Biologi Berbasis Contextual Teaching Learning untuk Mengefektifkan Pembelajaran Bagi Siswa SMA. FENOMENA, 7(1), 145–154. Susialita, T. (2016). The Development of Audio-Visual Students Portofolio (LKS) Contextual Teaching and Learning-Based (CTL) on Sound Chapter of Science Subject for Deaf Students. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 5(2), 192–198. Trianto. (2011). Desain Pengembangan Pembelajaran Tematik Bagi Anak Usia Dini TK/RA & Anak kelas awal SD/MI. Kencana Prenada Media Group. Ukala, C. C. (2012). Resource capacity for the implementation of early childhood Education in Public and private school in Rivers State. University of Port Harcourt.

PENGGUNAAN BALOK CUISENIARE UNTUK MEDIA PENGENALAN BILANGAN BAGI ANAK USIA DINI

Learning activities carried out in RA Al-Istiqomah still have children who have difficulty to say or list the numbers 1 to 10, children have difficulty in pointing with objects, children have difficulty making sequences of numbers 1 to 10 using objects, children have difficulty showing symbols numbers 1 to 10, children have difficulty in recognizing many objects slightly the same and not the same thing. Children have difficulty showing 2 sets of objects that are equal in number, which are not the same, more and less. Teaching numerals to children requires interesting media for children, the success of early childhood learning is influenced by the media used, one of the stimulations that need to be done to stimulate children's ability to say is to introduce numbers to early childhood. To introduce numbers in early childhood to feel happy and interested, it is necessary to apply the right media, one of which is playing the Cuisenaire beam. The purpose of this study was to describe about 1) Knowing the learning of Cuisenaire beam game tools in spelling on RA Al-Istiqomah group A. 2) Knowing the ability to say at RA Al-Istiqomah group A after being given the actions of the Cuisenaire beam game tool. The method used in this study is classroom action research conducted through two cycles. From the results of evaluations, reflections, and improvements made at the end of the cycle, a description of the use of the Cuisenaire beam props that can improve the ability to say group A follows the steps as follows: a) The teacher prepares the Cuisenauire beam. b) The teacher invites children to play cuiseniare beams with the learning activities that have been determined. c) The teacher guides the child to make two groups, each group consisting of 3 to 4 children. d) The teacher starts the Cuisenaire beam relay game.

Development of Learning Packages to Strengthening Character Education in Civic Education for Vocational Students

Research and development is intended to produce products such as reinforcement learning packages in PPKn character education that includes teaching materials, teacher guides, and guides students eligible to use and can improve the quality of learning in an effective, efficient, and attractive. This development model Dick Carey on systemic and procedural. The procedure researched the development of these activities includes nine steps. Product validation test conducted by three experts. The experts of the course content, instructional design experts, and expert instructional media. The field trials in SMK Negeri PP Sembawa with the subjects involved are X class learners majoring second-semester plantation some 33 people and a teacher PPKn subjects. The results showed that the learning package is very feasible to use and very effective. Data were obtained: (1) the results of expert validation of the course content to the percentage of teaching materials (89%), teacher guides (90%), and guide students (90%), (2) the results of expert validation of instructional design for the percentage teaching materials (92%), teacher guides (97%), and guide students (92%), (3) the results of expert validation media the percentage of teaching materials (99%), teacher guides (98%), and guide students (98% ), (4) the results of individual testing for the percentage of teaching materials (89%), guides the students (91%), (5) the small group trial percentage of teaching materials (96%), guides the students (97%), (6 ) the results of field trials the percentage of instructional materials (93%), guide students (95%), and teacher guidance (98%) and from the assessment of 33 students, the results were very effective, namely 100% of students reached the KKM with excellent attitudes and skills.

The Practical Application of Cooperative Inquiry Model in the Teaching for Tibetan College Students

The cooperative inquiry teaching mode refers to a teaching mode in which the teacher guides the students to learn the main knowledge points in the way of "independence, inquiry and cooperation" and communicate deeply through group inquiry, so as to better meet the requirements of cognitive and emotional goals in the course. The cooperative inquiry teaching mode is one of the effective models of English teaching, which focuses on students' learning and highlights the true, harmonious and efficient teaching concept. On the basis of practice, this paper discusses the specific application of cooperative inquiry teaching mode in English Teaching for Tibetan college students.

Use and Utility of Teacher Guides for Primary School Teachers in Punjab

This study is aimed at soliciting pubic primary school teachers’ viewpoints on use and utility of teacher guides, an initiative of government of the Punjab. Data were collected through focus group discussions of male and female teachers from District Sargodha. Teachers were asked to discuss need, importance and use of teacher guide and to suggest ways to improve. Focus group discussions were audio recorded, transcribed and analyzed for extracting themes. It was found that teachers acknowledged the need and importance of teacher guide for better teaching. It was noted from their discussion that teachers used Guides for lesson planning and activities but use of teacher guide was not optimal. Some of the teachers were using it in best possible way, while majority were using it occasionally. They highlighted difficulties and challenges like high workload, language of teacher guides and lack of learning material required for suggested activities. The y suggested revising guides for language, removing inconsistencies with respect to schedule of guide and academic calendar. They also suggested lower workload of teachers by recruiting new teachers, providing teachers with training to use guides and making monitoring and supervision more rigorous.

Pembelajaran Matematika dengan Memanfaatkan Formulator Tarsia

Mathematics is often regarded as a difficult subject in school, consequently many students are less interested in learning it. The use of technology can be an alternative to create an interesting and effective of instructional Media. One of the application programs that teachers can choose is Tarsia Formulators. This formulator is a program designed for math teachers to create puzzles, dominoes, and other forms of activity. This paper discusses examples of the application of puzzles created from tarsia formulators in mathematics learning. Learning activities begin by introducing the form of puzzles to be assembled by the students. The teacher gives an explanation of the rules that apply in this lesson. Teacher guides need to be done to make it easier for students who have difficulty. Furthermore, the teacher displays the correct form of the puzzle in comparison to the student's work and provides an explanation of the answer to the problem presented. The tarsia formulators makes it easy for teachers to create effective and varieties instructional media, so students do not feel bored in classroom learning activities.