Development of Smart Waste Bin for Solid Waste Management

Growing urbanisation in developing countries, population growth, and changes in human activities and consumption patterns have resulted in significant amounts of trash that must be appropriately disposed of, treated, and managed to provide a sustainable environment and a reasonable standard of life for the growing population. The aim of the paper is to design a smart dustbin for proper disposal of waste without any human intervention by providing a smart technology for waste system monitoring, reducing human time, effort, and intervention. This paper presents a smart waste bin integrated with a microcontroller-based Arduino board which is interfaced with ultrasonic sensors, MQ-2 sensor, servo motor, LCD and GSM modem. The Arduino microcontroller is programmed using Arduino C which measures the height of the dust bin using the ultrasonic sensor. Once the waste gets to the pre-set level, the microcontroller activates the GSM modem to send a message to a designated number. The status of the waste in the bin is transferred to the designated line and display on the LCD whenever it exceeds the pre-set value. The replacement of the traditional waste bin with smart waste bin help in efficient management of waste by assuring that filled waste bin are emptied when the pre-set value is exceeded. This also help in reducing time involve in checking the status of the waste bin and number of trips embarked by the waste collection vehicle and total expenditure associated with collection is minimized. It eventually helps to maintain cleanliness in our environment. Therefore, the system makes the waste collection more efficient.

Evaluasi Pengaruh Tegangan Kerja Generator terhadap Kualitas Tegangan Jaringan pada PT.PLN (Persero) Area Luwuk

One of the service quality parameters is that the voltage supplied to consumers is always at the set value, which is 20 kV for medium voltage and 380/220 Volt for low voltage, many factors can affect the magnitude of the voltage starting when the voltage is generated by the generator, the process distribution to consumers by using a conductor and the amount of load that is on the feeder. This study aims to determine how much influence the generator output voltage has on changes in voltage in the medium voltage network and how much voltage drop occurs at the JTM until it reaches the consumer. The results show that the generator output voltage will affect the base voltage, the greater the generator output voltage, the greater the base voltage and operating voltage of the system. The voltage drop along the industrial feeder before the generator voltage is increased is 281,856 Volts or if it is used as a percentage of 1.441% but when the generator output voltage is increased the voltage drop in the industrial feeder decreases by 277.016 Volts or if it is used as a percentage of 1.392%.

An Application of the Z-Transform in Extracting the Density Regulation from the Periodic Output of an Age-Structured Population Model

The application of the Z-transform, a manipulation tool from the discrete signal processing (DSP) toolbox, on an ecological model was motivated by the mathematical similarities between an age-structured fish population model with a non linear density regulation and a linear time invariant (LTI) control system. Both models include a switching mechanism in regulating stock/signal throughput in accordance with a given density limitation/set value and both models can be expressed in terms of a negative feedback loop difference equations (Getz & Haight,1989; °Astr¨om & Murray, 2008). In the fish model, the switching mechanism is a density regulated stock-recruitment (SR) function which models the strategies implemented by the population in keeping the vulnerable egg-larvaejuvenile densities within an environmental limitation thereof (Subbey et al, 2014). A switching mechanism is also present in control engineering, for example, in the mechanism associated with cruise control in cars which keeps traveling speed close to a chosen set value midst varying weather and road conditions (Antsaklis and Gao, 2005). In both cases, the choosing of the control action and the tuning of its parameters requires careful consideration to avoid failures such as incorrectly timed switching actions in a control plant (see Kuphaldt (2019)) and errors in estimating total allowable catch (TAC) in the fishing industry (see Borlestean et al (2015), Skagen et al (2013) and Taboadai and R. Anadn (2016)). The Z-transform has proven itself useful in tuning LTI controlmodels for a desired control action (see Orfanidis, (2010) and Smith, (1999)) and it is on this account that its application was extended to the ecological model in pursuit of a more efficient way of estimating SR parameters to simulate an already existing output. It was however found that it could not be used for parameter tuning but rather for the extraction of the SR component hidden in the output together with components resulting from the age structure itself. Such an extraction can greatly assist in the mathematical identification of the SR, reducing the complexity of its choosing as there are many different types used in the fishing industry such as the classic Beverton-Holt model, the Ricker model and Shepherd model (Myers, 2001; Iles, 1994; Shepherd, 1982). It can also be used to monitor changes in the SR over time which can indicate the presence of strategy evolution (Apaloo et al, 2009; Br¨annstr¨om et al, 2013). In 1998 Schoombie and Getz investigated the latter by subjecting the Shepherd SR to strategy optimization with regards to a parameter associated with population interventions in regulating recruitment throughput and it is because of this versatility that the Shepherd SR is chosen for the intended extraction. In true control style, Simulink, a graphic environment for designing control simulations, is used to visualize the production of the output as well as the extraction of the SR from it. This paper showcases the versatility of the Z transform and the possibilities and unexpected finds when applied to similar systems designed to regulate signals or, in this case, recruitment densities.

The added water control system based on neural network model and double parameter corrected for loosening and conditioning cylinder

In order to improve the stability of outlet moisture in the of loosening and conditioning cylinder, we concentrate on loosening and conditioning cylinder, and design the prediction model of the added water volume based on neural network technology and the double parameter corrected control system of material balance and moisture deviation for loosening and conditioning cylinder by using historical production data. Taking the set value of inlet and outlet moisture of the loosening and conditioning cylinder as the input factor and the added water volume as the output factor, the prediction model of the added water volume was to predict the total volume of the added water. When there was a big deviation between the actual value and the set value of outlet moisture, the double parameter corrected control system of material balance and moisture deviation was used to correct the deviation, so as to improve the outlet moisture stability and the control accuracy of the added water volume. Using Cigarette brand “diamond (hard-case Yingbin)” produced by Zhangjiakou cigarette factory to built model and analysis, the results showed that after the improvement, the standard deviation of output moisture of loosening and conditioning cylinder reduced by 0.27%, and the control stability and the control level of production process were improved.

Dynamic Set Values for Nonzero-Sum Games with Multiple Equilibriums

Nonzero sum games typically have multiple Nash equilibriums (or no equilibrium), and unlike the zero-sum case, they may have different values at different equilibriums. Instead of focusing on the existence of individual equilibriums, we study the set of values over all equilibriums, which we call the set value of the game. The set value is unique by nature and always exists (with possible value [Formula: see text]). Similar to the standard value function in control literature, it enjoys many nice properties, such as regularity, stability, and more importantly, the dynamic programming principle. There are two main features in order to obtain the dynamic programming principle: (i) we must use closed-loop controls (instead of open-loop controls); and (ii) we must allow for path dependent controls, even if the problem is in a state-dependent (Markovian) setting. We shall consider both discrete and continuous time models with finite time horizon. For the latter, we will also provide a duality approach through certain standard PDE (or path-dependent PDE), which is quite efficient for numerically computing the set value of the game.

Data Mining Pengelompokan Pasien Rawat Inap Peserta BPJS Menggunakan Metode Clustering (Studi Kasus : RSU.Bangkatan)

The system currently used by the hospital is still manual in managing patient data and information, therefore it is necessary to have a Bangkat Binjai Hospital Service system to provide complete and detailed information to hospital patients using BPJS. So in this case the author will design and build a system that will be used in grouping inpatients based on the BPJS Class and the variables determined using the clustering method, so that later it can make it easier for administrators to process data and information on inpatients using BPJS. From the tests carried out using the clustering method with the k-means algorithm, it can be seen that cluster 3 of the criteria for disease type, diagnosis result, and age, the group that has the highest set / value of BPJS Class patient data, namely in Cluster 1 totaling 435 patient data Inpatients using BPJS at the age of 20-39 years and the type of disease are benign tumors, then the BPJS class used is the Level 2 BPJS. Inpatients who use BPJS at the age of 20-39 years and the type of disease is heart complications, then the BPJS class used is BPJS Level 1. And the group that has the highest set / value of BPJS Class patient data, namely Cluster 3 totaling 270 inpatient data. who used BPJS at the age of 20-39 years and the type of disease was uric acid, then the BPJS class was used is BPJS Level 1.

Bilateral associated game: Gain and loss in revaluation

Hamiache introduces associated game to revalue each coalition’s worth, in which every coalition redefines his worth based on his own ability and the possible surpluses cooperating with other players. However, as every coin has two sides, revaluation may also bring some possible losses. In this paper, bilateral associated game will be presented by taking into account the possible surpluses and losses when revaluing the worth of a coalition. Based on different bilateral associated games, associated consistency is applied to characterize the equal allocation of non-separable costs value (EANS value) and the center-of-gravity of imputation-set value (CIS value). The Jordan normal form approach is the pivotal technique to accomplish the most important proof.

Selecting the Proportional-Integral (PI) Regulator Parameters from the Condition of Maximum Permissible Deviation in Leap Impacts on the System

The amplitude-frequency characteristic, which determines the parameters of the PI controller for linear objects, is either a monotonically feeding function, or has one resonant peak, and practically does not have a drop at a frequency less than the resonant one. The parameters of the PI controller selected in this way ensure, that the maximum deviation of the controlled value does not exceed the set value when stepping on the input of the object.

Implementasi Pengontrol Suhu dan Kelembaban Menggunakan Metode PID Pada Proses Pematangan Keju

Ada beberapa proses sebelum susu berubahmenjadi keju. Pematangan adalah salah satunya. Pematanganmerupakan proses akhir dari rangkaian proses pembuatankeju. Pematangan (ripening) adalah proses yang mengubahdadih-dadih (keju mentah) segar menjadi keju yang penuhdengan rasa. Dalam skripsi ini peltier diaplikasikan sebagaialat pengendali suhu dan pompa air untuk kelembaban prosespematangan keju yang diharapkan nantinya dapat menunjanghasil produksi. Set value yang diinginkan adalah 16-200Cdengan tingkat kelembaban ≤50 %. Setelah suhu ruang sudahmencapai suhu 16-200C dengan kelembaban ≤50 % barulahkeju dimasukan ke dalam box untuk proses pematangan.Salahsatu metode yang digunakan untuk mengontrol suhu peltieradalah PID. Perancangan kontroller PID menggunakan kurvareaksi Ziegler Nichols menghasilkan nilai Kp=5,53 Ki=8 danKd=2.Untuk pengujian terhadap keju dengan suhu dankelembaban yang berbeda. Semakin lama proses penyimpanandengan suhu dan kelembaban yang sudah ditentukan akanmenghasilkan keju dengan rasa tekstur yang berbeda. Prosesakhir dari pematangan keju nantinya akan menghasilkan kejudengan cita rasa yang sesuai dengan jenis keju tersebut.

Zooming-in value-in-use through basic individual values

To overcome the vagueness that Service-Dominant Logic (SDL) scholars have found in conceptualisations of value-in-use due to the existence of different denominations and perspectives, this conceptual paper analyses the SDL literature, finding both value-in-use proposed as a comprehensive denomination, and resources, institutions, and time proposed as its main elements.<br/> Focusing on individuals as beneficiaries of value-in-use, the paper infuses the theory of basic individual values from social psychology in SDL, leading to three propositions that stress the ways in which basic individual values affect individuals' perceptions of resources, institutions, and time. Therefore, basic individual values act as lenses through which beneficiaries perceive flows of resources, institutions, and the time during which use occurs, thereby clarifying why value-in-use is always uniquely and phenomenologically determined by the beneficiary.<br/> This conceptual paper proposes basic individual values as micro-foundations of value co-creation, reveals ways to define the perceived value of resources, and leads practitioners to set value propositions according to basic individual values.