Mental Health Outcomes of Unaccompanied Refugee Minors: a Rapid Review of Recent Research

Purpose To examine mental health outcomes of unaccompanied refugee minors during global policy shift. Additionally, to consider mental health service delivery and placement type for this group. Methods A rapid systematic search of research published since 2018 which related to mental health outcomes of unaccompanied refugee minors. Data extracted, risk of bias assessed and outcomes reviewed qualitatively. Research Findings We found 181 papers, of which 14 met inclusion criteria. This review found consistently high levels of PTSD and PTSS among URMs in various contexts. Exposure to trauma, being unaccompanied (compared to accompanied), being female and being older are associated with poor outcomes. Depression and anxiety were consistently high among URMs and associated with discrimination, limited language attainment and daily hassles. Summary High rates of mental illness and symptoms among unaccompanied refugee minors were consistent across national and settlement contexts but the quality of the evidence is variable with significant heterogeneity of assessment. We relate persistence of poor mental health outcomes with problems accessing mental health services and discuss the role of key post-migration factors influencing outcomes—in particular placement type and the use of detention centres.

Structure of young growth of pine in various ecotopes of the Trans-Urals region

Рассмотрены результаты исследования пространственной и возрастной структуры подроста сосны на гарях-вырубках и вырубках сосняка брусничникового Среднего Урала. Показано, что подрост сосны на гарях-вырубках, по сравнению с вырубками, отличается значительно меньшей величиной диаметра на середине высоты ствола, но отличается существенно более высокими темпами роста в высоту. Относительная высота у подроста на гарях-вырубках на 31,5–37,3% выше, чем у подроста на вырубках. Связано это со значительно более высокой густотой подроста на гарях-вырубках, по сравнению с вырубками. Установлено, что большая часть возобновления сосны как на гарях-вырубках, так и на вырубках, была сосредоточена в районах примыкания трех сторон леса. С уменьшением источников обсеменения (примыкание двух сторон леса) густота подроста заметно снижалась. В свою очередь, на открытых участках на гарях-вырубках и вырубках численность подроста была наименьшей. Подрост сосны отличается регулярным (случайным) с переходом к рассеянному (равномерному) типом размещения на гарях-вырубках. На вырубках основной тип размещения – групповой. На гарях-вырубках основная часть деревьев относилась к возобновлению, появившемуся на 2–3-й год после пожаров и последующей вырубки. Возобновление, появившееся как на следующий год, так и на 4–5-й год после удаления древостоя, было незначительным. На 6-й год после пожара и вырубки возобновление полностью прекратилось. На вырубках основная часть деревьев относилась к возобновлению, появившемуся на 4–5-й год после вырубки. Однако, хотя и в значительно меньшей степени, возобновление сосны на вырубках имело место и в последующие годы. Закономерность изменения возрастной структуры подроста для гарей-вырубок хорошо аппроксимируется полиномиальным уравнением 4-го порядка, а на вырубках – 5-го порядка. The results of study of spatial and age structure of pine on slash-cutover and cutover of young growth of pine of cowberry-shrub pine forest of the Trans-Urals region are considered. It has been shown that the undergrowth of pine on slash-cutover in comparison with cutting differs by a significantly smaller diameter at the middle of the trunk height, but differs by a significantly higher growth rate in height. The relative height of the undergrowth on the slash-cutover was 31.5–37.3% higher than that of the undergrowth on the cutover. This is due to the significantly higher density of undergrowth on slash-cutover compared to cutover. It has been established that most of the resumption as pine on both slash-cutover and cutover was concentrated in the areas adjacent to three sides of the forest. With a decrease in sources of insemination (adjoining two sides of the forest), the density of undergrowth decreased markedly. In turn, in open areas on slash-cutover and cutover, the number of undergrowth was the smallest. The young growth of pine is characterized by a regular (random) with a transition to a scattered (uniform) type of placement on the slash-cutovers. In cutovers, the main placement type is group. On slash-cutovers, the main part of the trees belonged to the resumption, which appeared for 2–3 years after fires and subsequent felling. The resumption, which appeared both for the next year and for 4–5 years after the removal of the woodland, was insignificant. For 6-year after the fire and felling, the resumption completely ceased. On cutovers, the main part of the trees belonged to the resumption, which appeared for 4–5 years after felling. However, although to a much lesser extent, the resumption of pine on the cutovers, took place in subsequent years. The pattern of change in the age structure of undergrowth for cut-offs is well approximated by the polynomial equation of the 4th order, and on the cut-offs of the 5th order.

Gram-Negative Ventriculostomy-Associated Infections Predict Shunt Dependency in Stroke Diagnoses and Other Brain Injuries

BACKGROUND: Several predictors have been studied for shunt dependency after stroke and other brain injuries. However, little is known about the association between ventriculostomy-associated infections (VAIs) and impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outflow. Moreover, gram-negative (GN) VAIs induce a potent neuroinflammatory process and are clinically challenging to treat. OBJECTIVE: To assess if GN-VAIs predict ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) dependency. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of postprocedure infection rates was performed in 586 patients with external ventricle drainage (EVD) placed on site between 2012 and 2018. We collected sex, age, stroke and nonstroke related, location of EVD placement, type of hospital, EVD duration, and EVD exchange. RESULTS: Among 586 patients requiring an EVD, 55 developed a VAI. Most were caused by gram-positive (GP) pathogens (61.8%). A total of 120 patients required a conversion from EVD to VPS. Patients with VAIs had higher rates of VPS placement (49.09% vs 17.65%, P < .001), whereas patients with GN-VAIs had significantly higher rates of EVD conversion to VPS (77.78% vs 35.29%, P = .012) compared with GP-VAIs. The multivariate analysis showed that GN-VAIs were an independent predictor for shunt dependency (odds ratio = 12.896; 95% CI 3.407-48.82, P < .001). In receiver operating characteristics analysis, those less than 44.5 yr of age and more than 12 d of EVD duration were identified as the best cutoff values to discriminate the development of GN-VAI. CONCLUSION: Patients who experience a GN VAI are in greater risk of impaired CSF outflow, thus requiring VPS placement.

Modelling the Effects of Brand Placements in Movies: An Investigative Study of Event Type and Placement Type

Movies are getting extremely costly and product placement has become inevitable to accommodate brands to support their budgets. Moreover, brands are demanding return on investment for their placements. This article makes an attempt to evaluate the outcome of brand placements in movies. As Indian audiences are exposed to both Hollywood and Bollywood movies, product placement is rapidly turning into a colossal path for brands to achieve their objectives by placing the brand in a subtle or blatant way. It is reasonable to count on that consumer contrast of brands will genuinely get influenced based on the type of the entertainment event (Bollywood vs. Hollywood) and type of the product placement (subtle vs. blatant). A structural equation model was developed to assess the effect of entertainment event and placement type (PT) on brand attitude (AB) and consequently on purchase intentions (PIs). The study also explores the possibility of mediation and conducted multi-group analysis on event type and PT using AMOS and SPSS. The findings help us to comprehend the event type (Hollywood movie vs. Bollywood movie) and the PT (subtle vs. blatant) that has the most significant impact on AB and subsequently on PI.

Examining Developmental Adversity and Connectedness in Child Welfare-Involved Children

Identifying optimal out-of-home placements for child welfare-involved youth is challenging. Examples of youth recovering within each “out-of-home” placement type (foster, relative, residential) are evident, as are examples of youth who are deteriorating. The heterogeneity in developmental history and current functioning of youth makes blanket policies regarding placement unwise. Examination of developmental heterogeneity and functioning of youth in the welfare system can provide insights about factors influencing outcomes, thereby informing practice, program and policy. We explore whether current relational health (connectedness) promotes positive outcomes for child welfare-involved youth while controlling for developmental risk (history of adverse, and lack of relationally positive, experiences). Clinicians at 19 organisations serving child welfare-involved youth used a neurodevelopmentally informed approach to intervention, the Neurosequential Model of Therapeutics (NMT), which includes metrics to assess the developmental timing of children's risk, “connectedness” and neurodevelopmental functioning (e.g., sleep, arousal, cortical control). Data-driven statistical techniques were used to produce stable, generalisable estimates. Risk during the perinatal (0–2 months) period significantly predicted children's functioning; current relational health predicted outcomes more strongly. Although early life developmental risk has a persistent effect on functioning, relationally supportive contexts may mitigate this risk. Improving relational contexts of child welfare-involved youth, regardless of placement type, is key.