Article 9: The Right Not to Be Separated from Parents

The Travaux Préparatoires insist upon the close nexus between Articles 9, 10, and 11 along with the several other provisions of the UNCRC that protect the close bond between child and parent. This chapter analyses the content of Article 9 in relation to the general principles of Child rights, related provisions in other international human rights treaties and materials, and sets out four main attributes of the right, as a child, to not be separated from one’s parents against one’s will. These four attributes are: (1) no separation from parents unless necessary for the child’s best interests; (2) no separation from one’s parents without due process before competent authorities; (3) the right to maintain relations and personal contact with both parents, if separated; and (4) the right to be informed of the whereabouts of one’s parent or child, if detained.

SOCIO-EDUCATIONAL CORRELATES OF BULLYING IN THE SCHOOL CONTEXT

Bullying is an increasingly common problem in schools, associated with negative educational outcomes for both bullies and victims. This study explored the socio-educational family and school variables related to bullying, victimization and positive behavior, such as age, gender, separation from parents, school results, and truancy. In this study 311 students (50.8% boys) have participated, they were aged between 6 and 16 years (M = 11.01, SD = 1.71), enrolled in primary school (47.3%) and in secondary school (52.7%), all were from urban areas. 43.8% of respondents were separated from one or both parents due to divorce (17.4%), parental death (6.1%), migration (20%) or abandonment (0.3%). Bullying, victimization and positive behavior were measured with one standardized scale; the data about school results and attendance of the students was collected from the school registers; family information was self-reported by participants. Because Cronbach’s Alpha for the positive behavior scale was 0.57, lower that 0.7, this scale was not considered for further data analysis. Empirical data for the study was collected before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Mann-Whitney U test showed significant age differences: secondary school students scored higher in aggression than primary school students. We also found significant gender differences in bullying behavior: boys’ reported higher level of aggression. The Independent Sample Student’s t-test indicated gender differences in school results: the boys obtained lower school results in Language and Mathematics than the girls. Separation from one or both parents did not lead to significant differences in bullying behavior, but pupils separated from their parents had fewer school absences than their colleagues not separated from their parents. Pearson’s correlation indicated that students with higher bullying scores, also scored higher on victimization and had higher number of school absences, but had scored lower grades in Language and Mathematics. One-way ANOVA indicated that victimization was influenced by age and bullying was influenced by gender. Also, one-way ANOVA indicated an effect of bullying on school results. Two-way ANOVA showed an interaction effect between gender and separation from parents on bullying. When living with both parents, boys had higher bullying scores, but under separation condition, the boys scored slightly lower than girls. The implications of the results for education and counseling are discussed.

Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Accompanied by Cartoon Video Preoperation for Reducing Emergence Delirium in Children Undergoing Strabismus Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Trial

Background: After general anesthesia, many pediatric patients present with emergence delirium (ED). The aim of this study was to determine whether dexmedetomidine intranasal premedication accompanied by a cartoon video 30 min before general anesthesia would have an effect on reducing emergence delirium in preschool children.Methods: One hundred and forty children aged 3–6 year undergoing elective strabismus surgery were randomly to be premedicated with 2 μg kg−1 intranasal dexmedetomidine accompanied by the viewing of a cartoon video (Group DV) or without any premedication as usual (Group C). The primary outcome was the incidence of emergence delirium at the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), evaluated by the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale. The secondary outcomes included: the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS) upon separation from parents; the Induction Compliance Checklist score (ICC); the PACU discharge time; the parental satisfaction score; the incidences of the side effects and the Post-Hospital Behavior Questionnaire (PHBQ) score during the first day after surgery.Results: The incidence of emergence agitation (PAED score ≥ 10) was reduced in Group DV compared with Group C [8 (11.4%) vs. 24 (34.3%); P = 0.001]. None of the patients in the DV group experienced severe emergence agitation (PAED score ≥ 15), as compared with the C group (P = 0.006). The mYPAS score upon separation from parents (P < 0.001) and the incidence of poor coordination (ICC ≥ 4) during induction (P < 0.001) were significantly lower in Group DV than in Group C. In Group DV, the PACU discharge time was longer (P < 0.001), and the parental satisfaction score was higher (P < 0.001). However, during the first day after surgery, the PHBQ score was lower in Group DV compared with Group C (P = 0.001).Conclusions: Premedication with 2 μg kg−1 intranasal dexmedetomidine accompanied by cartoon video viewing can dramatically reduce emergence delirium in preschool children undergoing strabismus surgery, relieve preoperative anxiety and improve the parental satisfaction and the postoperative behavior changes during the first day after surgery.Clinical Trial Registration: ChiCTR2000030678.

To Compare the Efficacy of Oral Midazolam and Triclofos Sodium as Oral Premedication in Children of Sawangi, Maharashtra, India

BACKGROUND The perioperative habits contemplate showing that kids are in more danger of encountering fierce sedative enlistment and unfriendly social sequelae. In paediatric sedation, decent premedication is fundamental to lessen tension and disturbance in youngsters. Parental partition and odd operating room environment as a rule bring about blustery acceptance while giving general sedation. Narcotic premedication is vital for making kids quiet and cooperative in a weird environment. Our study was done to compare the efficacy of midazolam 0.5 mg / kg and triclofos sodium 100 mg / kg as oral premedications in children undergoing elective surgery. METHODS In this prospective randomised comparative study, sixty children posted for elective surgery were enrolled. The patients were randomly divided into midazolam group (Group M) and triclofos sodium group (Group T) of thirty each. Group M received oral midazolam 0.5 mg / kg 30 min before induction, and Group T received oral triclofos sodium 100 mg / kg 60 min before induction. All children were evaluated for level of sedation after premedication, behaviour at the time of separation from parents and at the time of mask placement for induction of anaesthesia. RESULTS Oral midazolam showed satisfactory sedation in children after premedication when compared to oral triclofos (P = 0.003). Both the drugs had a successful separation from parents, and the children were very cooperative during induction. No adverse effects attributable to the premedicants were seen. CONCLUSIONS Oral midazolam is better than triclofos sodium as a sedative anxiolytic in the paediatric population. KEY WORDS Anaesthesia, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Midazolam, Paediatrics, Premedication, Triclofos sodium

Maternal speech decreases pain scores and increases oxytocin levels in preterm infants during painful procedures

Preterm infants undergo early separation from parents and are exposed to frequent painful clinical procedures, with resultant short- and long-term effects on their neurodevelopment. We aimed to establish whether the mother’s voice could provide an effective and safe analgesia for preterm infants and whether endogenous oxytocin (OXT) could be linked to pain modulation. Twenty preterm infants were exposed to three conditions—mother’s live voice (speaking or singing) and standard care—in random order during a painful procedure. OXT levels (pg/mL) in saliva and plasma cortisol levels were quantified, and the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) was blindly coded by trained psychologists. During the mother’s live voice, PIPP scores significantly decreased, with a concomitant increase in OXT levels over baseline. The effect on pain perception was marginally significant for singing. No effects on cortisol levels were found. The mother’s live voice modulated preterm infants’ pain indicators. Endogenous OXT released during vocal contact is a promising protective mechanism during early painful interventions in at-risk populations.

Influence of students ‘ role identity on learning motivation

Problem and Purpose. The article deals with the problem of the conflict in the family between spouses, which subsequently has a destructive relationship for children. Purpose ‒ to determine the joint influence of the separation of one of the parents and the child and family conflict on child maladjustment and deviation Analyzed, available in scientific research, the presence of conflicting data. So in a number of works it is argued that family conflict is a central predictor for the occurrence of deviant behavior in children. Several other studies demonstrate the effect of parent-child separation on childhood deviation. To eliminate these contradictions, a study was carried out, involving the study of the joint influence of the above factors on the deviant behavior of adolescents. As an empirical group, there were 89 children registered in connection with committed crimes (theft, fights, etc.) and their parents, who filled out a special questionnaire in the amount of 158 people. A statistically significant joint effect of two factors was found, which was differentiated (p <0.05). When a child and a parent are separated, adolescents have more pronounced negativism, verbal and physical aggression, and with a high level of family conflict, adolescents are characterized by a greater tendency to violate social norms and rules, a high propensity for addictive behavior and pronounced indirect aggression. The study made it possible to draw an important conclusion that both family conflict and separation from parents predetermine the child’s behavioral and emotional problems. At the same time, parental separation does not increase the adolescent’s deviant behavior if the level of family conflict is low.

Specific Pathways From Adverse Experiences to BPD in Adolescence: A Criteria-Based Approach of Trauma

Within the European Research Network on BPD (EURNET-BPD; n = 85 BPD adolescents, n = 84 healthy controls, aged 13–19), this study explored the combination of three types of adversity—maltreatment, stressful life events (early separation from parents, parental suicide attempt, parental chronic disease) and parental bonding—as predictors of BPD, on a criteria-based approach. Results indicated that cumulative traumatic experiences largely characterize borderline adolescent's history; and, in the multivariate regression models, all adversity experiences were likely to contribute to BPD symptoms. The role of emotional abuse, parental suicide attempt, and a decrease in paternal level of care were particularly prominent. Moreover, adversities combinations were different for each criterion, suggesting that specific sets of traumatic experiences are leading to BPD. These findings argue for a further criteria-based exploration of trauma in borderline patients, as well as a more accurate and efficient prevention.