Cross-Chain Blockchain Networks, Compatibility Standards, and Interoperability Standards

This chapter explains the role and how interoperability standards and compatibility standards will enable the development of cross-chain blockchain networks. Blockchain currently lacks standardization. There are different initiatives aimed at facilitating interoperability between different blockchains. But if there are no uniform interoperability and compatibility standards, that will cause a problem for the development of cross-chain blockchain networks. In the EU, there is an initiative to facilitate a continental cross-chain blockchain network. Interoperability and compatibility standards are an integral aspect of the initiative. This chapter uses the case of the EU as a basis for explanation on how blockchain service providers can work together to develop these standards.

Electromagnetic Compatibility for Space Applications

In a space system or equipment, electromagnetic compatibility is a critical aspect affecting its operation, function, and performance. In the beginning of this chapter, an overview of the electromagnetic compatibility main considerations is provided. Then the main electromagnetic compatibility standards and relative useful handbooks for space applications are briefly presented. Testing methods and procedures to assess electromagnetic compatibility of space systems and units are discussed briefly covering all kinds of measurements. Moreover, information regarding the instrumentation and the testing facilities is also provided. Mission testing requirements and limits are also presented as examples for every electromagnetic compatibility test. Recent developments in test methods are also discussed where applicable.

An interference risk–based approach for naval vessels

Price development of naval ships has forced the industry to search for smarter solutions. Until recently this was not possible because the rule based approach demanded the use of maritime Eletromagnetic Compatibility Standards (EMC) that focused on equipment level. With the new Lloyd’s Naval Register EMC Rules (Register, 2016), a modern risk-based approach can be followed. This enables the use of commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) equipment, which is more cost-effective than dedicated maritime equipment, by using the ship’s structure and the installation as protection. This paper explains how these new Lloyd’s Naval EMC rules can be applied for modern naval shipbuilding.

Design and Implementation of the Chip for Energy Consumption and Energy Conservation and Pollution Reduction

With the development of information technology, computer and network have been widely applied into the area of energy consumption, energy conservation and pollution reduction. Information technology brings convenience into energy conservation and environment protection management, but at the same time, it also brings security issues. In the area of energy consumption, a lot of sensitive data related to national economy and society are on-line collected. Once data theft, it will bring immeasurable losses. Furthermore, data transmission between the existing energy consumption monitoring equipment and platform has no unified interface or standard. So this paper designed a chip, used as core chip in gateway, for compatibility, standards and safety during transmission, which will provide hardware and technical support for the government and enterprises to carry out monitoring of energy consumption and conservation, to achieve energy conservation and emissions reduction targets.

Standards for ICT

This chapter analyzes standardization of mobile phone chargers to explore the role that compatibility standards might play in mitigating the negative impact of ICT on the environment. Building on insights gained from the economics of standards literature, the authors explore how the inherent effects of compatibility standards—such as reducing variety, avoiding lock-in, and building critical mass—can have positive implications for the environment. They argue that current standardization literature and policy have overlooked this important (side) effect of compatibility standards. Excessive diversity and incompatibilities in ICT generate e-waste, discourage re-use, and make recycling economically unviable; the authors, therefore, develop an economic-environmental framework for analyzing sustainability effects of compatibility standards and apply it to the case of mobile phone chargers. They conclude that well-targeted compatibility standardization can be equated to ecodesign at sector level and should be considered as an eco-effective strategy towards greening the IT industry.

Standard Setting Committees: Consensus Governance for Shared Technology Platforms

Voluntary Standard Setting Organizations (SSOs) use a consensus process to create new compatibility standards. Practitioners have suggested that SSOs are increasingly politicized and perhaps incapable of producing timely standards. This article develops a simple model of standard setting committees and tests its predictions using data from the Internet Engineering Task Force, an SSO that produces many of the standards used to run the Internet. The results show that an observed slowdown in standards production between 1993 and 2003 can be linked to distributional conflicts created by the rapid commercialization of the Internet. (JEL C78, L15, L86)

Standards for ICT

This paper takes the recent process towards standardizing the mobile phone charger in the EU as a starting point to consider the role that compatibility standards might play in mitigating the negative impact of ICT on the environment. Building on insights gained from the economics of standards literature, the authors explore how the inherent effects of compatibility standards – such as reducing variety, avoiding lock-in, and building critical mass – can have positive implications for the environment. While there is growing interest in how performance measurement standards initiatives with an explicit environmental purpose can contribute to sustainability, the authors argue that current standardization literature and policy have overlooked this important (side) effect of compatibility standards. Having first illustrated how excessive diversity and incompatibilities in ICT generate e-waste, discourage re-use and make recycling economically unviable, this paper develops an economic-environmental framework for analyzing the sustainability effects of compatibility standards and applies it to the case of mobile phone chargers. The authors conclude that compatibility standards are a form of ecodesign at sector level and should be recognized as a relevant complementary strategy towards greening the IT industry.