Cross-Chain Blockchain Networks, Compatibility Standards, and Interoperability Standards

2020 ◽  
pp. 150-165
Author(s):  
Idongesit Williams
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Compatibility Standards ◽  
The Eu

This chapter explains the role and how interoperability standards and compatibility standards will enable the development of cross-chain blockchain networks. Blockchain currently lacks standardization. There are different initiatives aimed at facilitating interoperability between different blockchains. But if there are no uniform interoperability and compatibility standards, that will cause a problem for the development of cross-chain blockchain networks. In the EU, there is an initiative to facilitate a continental cross-chain blockchain network. Interoperability and compatibility standards are an integral aspect of the initiative. This chapter uses the case of the EU as a basis for explanation on how blockchain service providers can work together to develop these standards.

Behavioural Economic Influences on Primary Market Disclosure – The Case of the EU Regulation on European Crowdfunding Service Providers

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-463
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Serdaris
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Full Disclosure ◽  
Content Quality ◽  
Platform Governance ◽  
Capital Markets Union ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
High Level ◽  
Start Ups ◽  
The Eu

Abstract On 5 October 2020, as part of the Capital Markets Union (CMU) project, the European Parliament adopted, in second reading, Regulation (EU) 2020/1503 on European crowdfunding service providers for business (‘ECSP Regulation’). This Regulation, which shall apply as of 10 November 2021, consists of rules which aim at improving access to crowdfunding for EU businesses in need of capital, particularly start-ups, while, at the same time, providing a high level of protection to investors. To attain that it builds on three sets of measures: clear rules on information disclosures for project owners and crowdfunding platforms; rules on platform governance and risk management; and a coherent approach to supervision and enforcement. The focus of this article is on the disclosure-related set of provisions. Its aim is to demonstrate how the new rules embrace a more behavioural approach to primary market disclosure which, in contrast to the paradigm of full disclosure, focuses on the content, quality and framing of disclosure as an alternative means of enabling informed and, thus, allocatively efficient investment decisions. In a second step, it seeks to provide a preliminary evaluation of these measures both from a practical and a normative perspective.

‘Losing Leverage’ in the Neighbourhood: A Cognitive Frame Analysis of the European Union Migration Policy

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 302-323
Author(s):  
Jyri J. Jäntti ◽  
Benjamin Klasche
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Burden Sharing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cognitive Frames ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Power Shift ◽  
Security Problem ◽  
The Eu

The European Union (EU)–Turkey deal consolidated a shift in the EU’s migration policy. The deal is the culmination of the dominance of the security frame and depicts the continuous externalization of the EU’s responsibility of asylum protection and burden sharing. The strengthening of the security frame has weakened the humanitarian norms that previously dictated EU’s behaviour. This has led to the EU losing some of its comparative advantages in negotiations. Simultaneously, the instrumentalization of the value of asylum, paired with an increased number of asylum seekers, has given negotiation leverage to the neighbouring countries turned service providers. These changes in perception and norms have created a power shift, at the disadvantage of the EU, creating a more leveled playing field for negotiations between the parties. This article tracks the historical shifts in the global refugee regime to explain how today’s situation was created. Hereby, the existence of two competing cognitive frames—humanitarian and security—is assumed, tracked and analysed. While looking at the EU–Turkey deal, the article shows that the EU has started treating refugees as a security problem rather than a humanitarian issue, breaking the normative fabric of the refugee regime in the process. The article also displays how Turkey was able to capitalise on this new reality and engage with negotiations of other neighbouring countries of EU that point towards a change of dynamics in the global refugee regime.

scholarly journals Training and Employability: What are the LSPs looking for and what can the graduates offer?

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valero Garces Carmen
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Shared Responsibility ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Job Market ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
Market Trends ◽  
Translator Education ◽  
And Training ◽  
The Eu

Training and employability are two terms that frequently appear in the speeches both in those in charge of designing educational policies as well as in reports of economics or market trends. Training is necessary for integration into the job market. The aim of this article is to provide data extracted from several studies on university – language service providers (LSP) relations in the European Union for the period 2010-2017. The EU DGT (Directorate - General for Translation) through the European Master´s in Translation network (EMT network) and EUATC (European Union of Associations of Translation Companies), developed those studies. The first and last studies focused on language service providers’ companies (LSP) while the second offers information on graduates and their training. In this way we aim to show both sides of the situation, which can be summed up in the following way: What are employers looking for and what can the graduates offer?. The results of the research presented seem to indicate that translator education and training is a shared responsibility of universities and LSP in a highly competitive market

scholarly journals The Analysis of E-Government Services Adoption and Use in Slovenian Information Society between 2014 and 2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitja Dečman
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Information And Communication Technology ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Digital Inequality ◽  
Government Services ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Eu

With the increasing role of information and communication technology (ICT) in the society, ICT’s role is gaining importance in the aspect of provision and use of the public sector services for the citizens. Especially in the European Union different activities have been conducted through the years to promote ICT use in the society. It has been mainly based on the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE), which underlines the key role of ICT in the efforts to achieve its strategic objectives. Slovenia as an EU member state follows these directions but positions itself among less successful states in the EU. The well-known European Digital Economy and Society Index ranks Slovenia to the lower half of member states indicating possibilities for improvement. Although much can be said and done about the service-providers side this paper focuses on the users’ side and especially on their digital inequality. The lack of studies in the area of digital inequality and online government services adoption and use is the main motivation for this research. The research uses the data provided by Slovenian annual survey Use of Information and Communication Technology in Households and by Individuals of the last four years. The analysis of this data, presented in the paper, exhibits that changes for the better are detected in Slovenian society, but the situation in public-sector services is not optima. The results demonstrate the existence of digital inequality considering the income level of households and education level of individual users. The synthesis of the data demonstrates that the Slovenian government and its ministries should consider adding tangible actions to the already set strategies if the country wants to catch up with the leading countries of the EU and achieve goals, set by the DAE.

scholarly journals Digital Single Market: a long way to go

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viola Elam
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Single Market ◽  
Digital Environment ◽  
Market Strategy ◽  
Origin Principle ◽  
Legislative Proposals ◽  
Exceptions And Limitations ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Legislative Measures ◽  
The Eu

This paper provides an overall assessment of recent initiatives devised by the European Commission as part of the Digital Single Market Strategy (“DSMS”) and beyond. A connecting thread running through various policy documents and legislative proposals is the principle of copyright territoriality. Copyright’s territorial nature is identified as a great hindrance to the establishment and smooth functioning of an internal market for digital content and services, since it contributes to the cumbersomeness of rights clearance, territorial exclusivity and geo-blocking practices. Nonetheless, the initial policy options, geared towards a substantial erosion of copyright territoriality, have not been articulated in concrete legislative measures. The Commission has finally opted for a considerably less ambitious approach, which purports to mitigate some minor side effects of territoriality. The proposal seeking to mandate full accessibility of content across the EU was watered down to accommodate concerns expressed by the majority of stakeholders in the creative industry. The efforts to tackle geo-blocking are not addressed to providers of audio-visual content and copyright-protected works. The extension of the “country of origin” principle is limited to services ancillary to broadcasts. Likewise, cross-border “portability” of content does not offer a real solution to dismantling national barriers in the European digital environment. Hence, copyright will remain territorially grounded and a full integration of markets for creative content will not become a reality, at least in the near future. This paper discusses the potential lack of continuity between the overarching aims expressed in the DSMS and subsequent legislative steps, and criticises the use of terminology leading to legal uncertainty. The newly introduced neighbouring right for press publishers might represent an additional source of territorial fragmentation. The (general monitoring) obligation imposed on information society service providers requires strict scrutiny. This paper, however, values the adoption of regulations, entailing a deeper level of harmonisation, and the provision of mandatory exceptions and limitations

scholarly journals Policing the Network: Using DPI for Copyright Enforcement

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton Mueller ◽  
Andreas Kuehn ◽  
Stephanie Michelle Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Actor Network Theory ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Deep Packet Inspection ◽  
Policy Debate ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Integrated Response ◽  
Copyright Enforcement ◽  
The Eu

Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) and other network surveillance techniques have become important factors in the policy debate over online copyright infringement. These new technical capabilities reopened an old debate about the responsibility of internet service providers (ISPs) for policing the internet. This paper attempts to understand the extent to which new technological capabilities have the power to alter regulatory principles. It examines political conflict and negotiation over proposals to use DPI for online copyright enforcement in the EU and the USA, using a hybrid of actor-network theory from science, technology and society studies and actor-centered institutionalism in political science. It shows that while the technology disrupted a policy equilibrium, neither the EU nor the US applied DPI to copyright policing in a way that realized its radical potential. The key factor preventing such an integrated response was the disjunction between the interests of network operators and the interests of copyright holders.

scholarly journals Promoting healthy dietary behaviour through personalised nutrition: technology push or technology pull?

2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Stewart-Knox ◽  
Audrey Rankin ◽  
Sharron Kuznesof ◽  
Rui Poínhos ◽  
Maria Daniel Vaz de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Dietary Behaviour ◽  
Personalised Nutrition ◽  
The Public ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Service Delivery Systems ◽  
Public Perspective ◽  
Dietary Behaviour Change ◽  
The Eu

The notion of educating the public through generic healthy eating messages has pervaded dietary health promotion efforts over the years and continues to do so through various media, despite little evidence for any enduring impact upon eating behaviour. There is growing evidence, however, that tailored interventions such as those that could be delivered online can be effective in bringing about healthy dietary behaviour change. The present paper brings together evidence from qualitative and quantitative studies that have considered the public perspective of genomics, nutrigenomics and personalised nutrition, including those conducted as part of the EU-funded Food4Me project. Such studies have consistently indicated that although the public hold positive views about nutrigenomics and personalised nutrition, they have reservations about the service providers’ ability to ensure the secure handling of health data. Technological innovation has driven the concept of personalised nutrition forward and now a further technological leap is required to ensure the privacy of online service delivery systems and to protect data gathered in the process of designing personalised nutrition therapies.

Closing urban resource cycles through nature-inspired systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Wirth ◽  
Johannes Kisser
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Materials Management ◽  
High Resource ◽  
Resource Transformation ◽  
Local Sourcing ◽  
The Eu

<p>The present-day urban system is characterised by a one-directional flow of resources from the rural environment into cities. Cities are centres of human and economic activity, but also of resource use and waste. Therefore, they play both a critical and promising role to support the transition to a circular economy, by keeping incoming products, materials and resources in use. This requires a redesign of biological and technical material cycles in a way that their value can be maintained at the highest possible level for as long as possible, while at the same time natural systems are restored. How can we rethink urban infrastructures to transform cities from resource sinks into circular resource transformation hubs? And how can nature-inspired systems help us to create circular cities?</p><p>alchemia-nova is developing integrated, regenerative systems to close water, nutrient, material and energy cycles in cities, centred around buildings as multifunctional service providers. They include building-integrated nature-based solutions for small-scale on-site wastewater treatment, combined with organic solids management to platform chemicals, biogas and nutrients. This approach can enable the efficient valorisation of the high resource potential of urban nutrient flows, with near zero-energy and chemical input. This way, they provide a more efficient, robust and resilient alternative to the predominant chemical and energy-intensive end-of-pipe approaches to circular cities. Water and nutrients can be safely reused in urban and peri-urban agriculture, renewable energy produced on site, biomass and other solid waste further processed to secondary materials, while also gaining the multifunctional benefits of urban greening. These systems are being demonstrated through the EU H2020 HOUSEFUL project in Austria and Spain, complimented by demonstration sites in Greece (EU H2020 HYDROUSA project), thus ensuring their applicability in highly industrialised infrastructure and temperate climatic conditions, as well as in less developed communal infrastructure and Mediterranean arid climatic conditions. HOUSEFUL’s integrated management approach includes circular materials management along the entire housing value chain, e.g. to enable local sourcing of building materials. Together, the robust, low-maintenance technologies and circular materials management contribute to the creation of distributed resource transformation hubs across cities, where value is maintained, and secondary resources captured and recirculated where they occur, creating more efficient and more resilient circular cities, and a wider circular economy.</p><p>The research conducted in preparation of this presentation as well as the participation at NGU 2020 is funded by the EU-funded HOUSEFUL project (Grant Agreement number 776708).</p><p>HOUSEFUL online: http://houseful.eu/solutions/searching-local-building-material/</p>

scholarly journals Public Provocation to Commit a Terrorist Offence: Balancing between the Liberties and the Security

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-147
Author(s):  
Kristina Ramešová
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
Online Information ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Private Monitoring ◽  
The Public ◽  
Eu Legislation ◽  
Council Decision ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Modern terrorism is global and decentralized like cyberspace. While the Darknet is mostly used by terrorists for fundraising campaigns and illicit trading, publicly accessible social platforms such as Twitter, Facebook or YouTube are abused for terrorist propaganda. Combating terrorism remains one of the top priorities of the European union (hereinafter as “the EU”). The approach towards the online content possibly connected to terrorist propaganda has become stricter.This paper focuses on the development of the EU legislation on the offence related to terrorist activities: the public provocation to commit a terrorist offence, as well as on the obligations of hosting service providers. It also analyses the impact of the Directive (EU) 2017/541 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2017 on combating terrorism and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/475/JHA and amending Council Decision 2005/671/JHA. The article observes a changing attitude on private monitoring of online information in the development of the EU legislation. It analyses changes in the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on preventing the dissemination of terrorist content online. These changes signify a shift in the perception of the necessary level of freedom to receive and impart information through the internet.

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