Standard Setting Committees: Consensus Governance for Shared Technology Platforms

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Simcoe
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Standard Setting ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Consensus Process ◽  
Technology Platforms ◽  
Distributional Conflicts ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Compatibility Standards

Voluntary Standard Setting Organizations (SSOs) use a consensus process to create new compatibility standards. Practitioners have suggested that SSOs are increasingly politicized and perhaps incapable of producing timely standards. This article develops a simple model of standard setting committees and tests its predictions using data from the Internet Engineering Task Force, an SSO that produces many of the standards used to run the Internet. The results show that an observed slowdown in standards production between 1993 and 2003 can be linked to distributional conflicts created by the rapid commercialization of the Internet. (JEL C78, L15, L86)

scholarly journals Technological Determinism and Democracy in the Governance of the Logical Layer of the Internet | Determinismo tecnológico e democracia na governança da camada lógica da Internet

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-72
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Koniakou
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Standard Setting ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Technological Determinism ◽  
Internet Governance ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Democratic Principles ◽  
The Relationship

The article focuses on the relationship between the Internet Governance and democracy on the governance of the logical layer of the Internet.Due to the impactful role and the normative effects of standards, protocols and technical decisions for the Internet and Internet users, and the centrality of the Internet in almost every aspect of thesocial, financial and political life, it argues thatwe ought to examine the ideologies, narratives and assumptions that have informed and shaped key governance arrangements.It explores the influence of technological determinism as a technocratic governing mentality, applying the argument of Taylor Dotson in the context of Internet Governance, and more specifically on the governance of the logical layer, focusing on standard-setting and technical decision-making by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).It argues that technological determinism has been pervasive in Internet Governance discoursesince the early days of the Internet, while standard-setting and technical decision-making are technocratically organized and non-democratic procedures, considering also how the technical community takes decisions, as well as how itself frames its tasks and perceives standard-setting and technical decision-making.It concludes arguing that we need to review the way governance on the logical layer is organized, dispelling technological determinism, while introducing social considerations and democratic principles.

Collaboration in the IETF

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-32
Author(s):  
Michael Welzl ◽  
Stephan Oepen ◽  
Cezary Jaskula ◽  
Carsten Griwodz ◽  
Safiqul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Task Force ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Important Milestone

RFC 9000, published in May 2021, marks an important milestone for the Internet's standardization body, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): finally, the specification of the QUIC protocol is available. QUIC is the result of a five-year effort - and it is also the second of two major protocols (the first being SPDY, which later became HTTP/2) that Google LLC first deployed, and then brought to the IETF for standardization. This begs the question: when big players follow such a "shoot first, discuss later" approach, is IETF collaboration still "real", or is the IETF now being (mis-)used to approve protocols for standardization when they are already practically established, without really actively involving anyone but the main proponents?

Does Social Media Engagement Translate to Civic Engagement Offline?

2021 ◽  
pp. 089976402199944
Author(s):  
Jaclyn Piatak ◽  
Ian Mikkelsen
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Civic Engagement ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Civic Participation ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Political Campaigns ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Online Engagement ◽  
Informal Volunteering ◽  
Using Data

People increasingly engage in politics on social media, but does online engagement translate to offline engagement? Research is mixed with some suggesting how one uses the internet maters. We examine how political engagement on social media corresponds to offline engagement. Using data following the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election, we find the more politically engaged people are on social media, the more likely they are to engage offline across measures of engagement—formal and informal volunteering, attending local meetings, donating to and working for political campaigns, and voting. Findings offer important nuances across types of civic engagement and generations. Although online engagement corresponds to greater engagement offline in the community and may help narrow generational gaps, this should not be the only means to promote civic participation to ensure all have a voice and an opportunity to help, mobilize, and engage.

The digital divide in individual e-commerce utilization in China

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shizhan Zhu ◽  
Juan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Digital Inequality ◽  
Urban Inequality ◽  
First Order ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Residency Status ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Using Data ◽  
And Migration

Using data from a national survey with 1,288 respondents, this study investigates the socio-demographic determinants of the first-order digital divide (access to the Internet) and the second-order digital divide (e-commerce use) in China. The survey employed spatial probability sampling technology so it would encompass migrants as well as registered residents. Multiple logistic regressions were applied to model the associations between access to the Internet/e-commerce use and demographic characteristics, socio-economic attributes, and migration and residency status. The results demonstrate the significant effects of rural-urban inequality and socio-economic divisions in Internet access. Age, gender, education, and residency were identified as significant predictors for individual e-commerce use. The findings provide helpful information for enterprises wishing to broaden their business horizons. The research can also be used in designing effective policies to reduce China’s digital inequality.

scholarly journals Fanfiction: Morality Challenges in Hyperreality Worlds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellita Permata Widjayanti ◽  
Chaerul Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Fan Fiction ◽  
Sexual Fantasies ◽  
Moral Ethics ◽  
Using Data

In 4.0 era, in which popular culture is flourishing, fanfiction is experiencing rapid growth. Many fans write about their idols, characters in movies, anime, games, and TV series. They make simulations, create simulacra, and hyperreality. Unfortunately, there are many fan-fiction productions which have pornographic content that is not in accordance with Indonesian cultural norms and moral ethics. This then becomes a moral challenge for the nation, especially for the youth, as they have free access to the internet. This research aims to look the challenges of morality within fanfiction, explaining it through the theory of hyperreality by using data taken from popular fanfiction platforms. The results show that pornography contained in fanfiction poses a threat to the moral codes of teenage readers, and renders pornographic practices more common. Besides, the hyperreality fosters sexual fantasies, which may lead to sexual harassment, free sex, and deviant sex. Keywords: fanfiction, simulation, simulacra, hyperreality, pornography, morality

scholarly journals Visualizing real-world networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyndsay Roach
Keyword(s):  
Complex Networks ◽  
Real World ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Network Data ◽  
Community Structures ◽  
Large Networks ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
On Line ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

The study of networks has been propelled by improvements in computing power, enabling our ability to mine and store large amounts of network data. Moreover, the ubiquity of the internet has afforded us access to records of interactions that have previously been invisible. We are now able to study complex networks with anywhere from hundreds to billions of nodes; however, it is difficult to visualize large networks in a meaningful way. We explore the process of visualizing real-world networks. We first discuss the properties of complex networks and the mechanisms used in the network visualizing software Gephi. Then we provide examples of voting, trade, and linguistic networks using data extracted from on-line sources. We investigate the impact of hidden community structures on the analysis of these real-world networks.

A multisociety organizational consensus process to define guiding principles for acute perioperative pain management

2021 ◽  
pp. rapm-2021-103083
Author(s):  
Edward R Mariano ◽  
David M Dickerson ◽  
Joseph W Szokol ◽  
Michael Harned ◽  
Jeffrey T Mueller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Surgical Patient ◽  
Consensus Process ◽  
Perioperative Pain ◽  
Modified Delphi ◽  
The Us ◽  
Perioperative Pain Management ◽  
Guiding Principles ◽  
Evidence Based Guidelines

The US Health and Human Services Pain Management Best Practices Inter-Agency Task Force initiated a public–private partnership which led to the publication of its report in 2019. The report emphasized the need for individualized, multimodal, and multidisciplinary approaches to pain management that decrease the over-reliance on opioids, increase access to care, and promote widespread education on pain and substance use disorders. The Task Force specifically called on specialty organizations to work together to develop evidence-based guidelines. In response to this report’s recommendations, a consortium of 14 professional healthcare societies committed to a 2-year project to advance pain management for the surgical patient and improve opioid safety. The modified Delphi process included two rounds of electronic voting and culminated in a live virtual event in February 2021, during which seven common guiding principles were established for acute perioperative pain management. These principles should help to inform local action and future development of clinical practice recommendations.

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