Utilization Pemanfaatan Ekstrak Kulit Ubi Jalar Ungu Sebagai Pengganti Crystal Violet pada Pewarnaan Gram

Purple sweet potato has the high anthocyanin content. The anthocyanin content in purple sweet potato skin is higher than the anthocyanin in the tubers, namely 52.84-729.74 mg/100g while the tubers are 110.51 mg/100g. Natural dyes that have the potential to be extracted include anthocyanins. This research aimed to test anthocyanin dyes in purple sweet potato peel extract as the substitute for crystal violet in gram staining. The type of research used Quasi Experiments. This research was conducted in the Microbiology Laboratory of the Hasanuddin University Medical Faculty. In this research, extraction was carried out by using the solvent of Ethanol : Acetic Acid : Water (25: 1: 5). Furthermore, gram staining was carried out by using purple sweet potato peel extract using a concentration of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% and crystal violet as positive control. The results of this research indicate that the staining used purple sweet potato peel extract concentrations of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% in gram-positive Staphylococcus bacteria isolates showed poor bacterial staining results because the bacteria were not purple when compared to crystal violet dye. Where as at the concentration of 100% it showed good bacterial staining results because the bacteria was purple. Meanwhile, gram-negative e.coli bacteria isolates at the concentration of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% showed good bacterial staining results because the bacteria were red. Suggestions for further research to do maceration longer.

Massive QTL analysis identifies pleiotropic genetic determinants for stress resistance, aroma formation, and ethanol, glycerol and isobutanol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Background The brewer’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is exploited in several industrial processes, ranging from food and beverage fermentation to the production of biofuels, pharmaceuticals and complex chemicals. The large genetic and phenotypic diversity within this species offers a formidable natural resource to obtain superior strains, hybrids, and variants. However, most industrially relevant traits in S. cerevisiae strains are controlled by multiple genetic loci. Over the past years, several studies have identified some of these QTLs. However, because these studies only focus on a limited set of traits and often use different techniques and starting strains, a global view of industrially relevant QTLs is still missing. Results Here, we combined the power of 1125 fully sequenced inbred segregants with high-throughput phenotyping methods to identify as many as 678 QTLs across 18 different traits relevant to industrial fermentation processes, including production of ethanol, glycerol, isobutanol, acetic acid, sulfur dioxide, flavor-active esters, as well as resistance to ethanol, acetic acid, sulfite and high osmolarity. We identified and confirmed several variants that are associated with multiple different traits, indicating that many QTLs are pleiotropic. Moreover, we show that both rare and common variants, as well as variants located in coding and non-coding regions all contribute to the phenotypic variation. Conclusions Our findings represent an important step in our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of industrially relevant yeast traits and open new routes to study complex genetics and genetic interactions as well as to engineer novel, superior industrial yeasts. Moreover, the major role of rare variants suggests that there is a plethora of different combinations of mutations that can be explored in genome editing.

Asociación entre calidad de ovocitos recuperados y condición corporal en vacas criollas

Criollo high Andean cattle are of family economic importance for rural dwellers and contribute to food security. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quantity, quality, and nuclear status of ovarian oocytes according to the body condition of Criollo cows. Groups of cows were formed according to the body condition (1=emaciated, 5=obese): low (≤1.5), moderate (2 to 2.5) and high (≥3). Ovaries (n=212) were obtained from Criollo cows from the slaughterhouse. Oocytes were recovered by follicular aspiration classifying them into categories A, B, and C, placing a portion with ethanol-acetic acid (3:1) for 24 h, then stained with 2% Lacmoid. The nuclear status of the oocyte was evaluated, categorized as intact germinal vesicle (GV) and broken germinal vesicle (GVBD). The number of oocytes recovered per ovary among low, moderate, and high body condition cows were similar (p>0.05). There was an association between body condition and oocyte quality of category A (rs=0.49; P=0.001), B (rs=0.16; P=0.018); C (rs=-0.16; P=0.016). Higher percentages (p≤0.05) of oocytes of categories A and B were obtained in those of moderate and high body condition, as category C in low body condition. Body condition did not influence (p>0.05) oocyte nuclear status. No association was found (p=0.073) between body condition and oocytes with intact GV, nor with GVBD (p=0.737). It is concluded that body condition is associated with the quality of oocytes of category A, B and C, but not with the nuclear status of GV and GVBD in Criollo cows from the slaughterhouse.

Mô hình chuột Mus musculus viêm loét dạ dày bởi ethanol, acetic acid và aspirin

Viêm loét dạ dày là bệnh đường tiêu hóa phổ biến và đã có nhiều nghiên cứu, phát đồ phòng trị bệnh này. Nhiều nghiên cứu được thực hiện cận lâm sàng và lâm sàng nhằm tìm ra các loại thuốc phòng trị nhưng mô hình động vật bị loét dạ dày vẫn chưa được thống nhất. Nghiên cứu này thực hiện khảo sát 3 mô hình loét dạ dày cấp tính trên chuột nhắt trắng Mus musculus bởi ethanol (60o, 70o và 80o), acetic acid (10%, 15% và 20%) và aspirin (350 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg và 650 mg/kg) với các chỉ tiêu đánh giá về tổng độ acid, chỉ số loét theo độ sâu, chiều dài và diện tích vết loét. Kết quả cho thấy cả 3 tác nhân gây loét đều có thể gây loét cấp dạ dày, trong đó, ethanol 70o, acetic acid 10% và aspirin 500 mg/kg là các tác nhân phù hợp để xây dựng mô hình gây loét dạ dày cấp tính.

The Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Valuable Model Organism for Investigating Anti-Aging Compounds

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the budding yeast was long history as industrial baker’s yeast due to its ability to produce numerous product such as ethanol, acetate, industrial bakers etc. Interestingly, this yeast was also important tools for studying biological mechanism in eukaryotic cells including aging, autophagy, mitochondrial response etc. S. cerevisiae has arisen as a powerful chemical and genetic screening platform, due to a rapid workflow with experimental amenability and the availability of a wide range of genetic mutant libraries. Calorie restriction (CR) as the reduction of nutrients intake could promote yeast longevity through some pathways such as inhibition of nutrient sensing target of rapamycin (TOR), serine–threonine kinase (SCH9), protein adenylate cyclase (AC), protein kinase A (PKA) and ras, reduced ethanol, acetic acid and apoptotic process. In addition, CR also induces the expression of antioxidative proteins, sirtuin2 (Sir2), autophagy and induction of mitochondrial yeast adaptive response. Three methods, spotting test; chronological life span (CLS) and replicative life span (RLS) assays, have been developed to study aging in S. cerevisiae. Here, we present strategies for pharmacological anti-aging screens in yeast, discuss common pitfalls and summarize studies that have used yeast for drug discovery.

Time of Postharvest Ethylene Treatments Affects Phenols, Anthocyanins, and Volatile Compounds of Cesanese Red Wine Grape

Red Cesanese wine grapes, picked at around 22–23 °Brix, were treated with gas ethylene (500 mg L−1) for 15, 24, and 36 h, or air at 20 °C and 95–100% relative humidity (R.H.), then analysed for titratable acidity, sugar content, pH, total phenols, total and specific anthocyanins, and volatile compounds. Ethylene treatments increased the polyphenol content from 412 to 505 and 488 mg L−1 (about +23 and +19%) for 15 and 24 h samples, respectively. Anthocyanins were increased by ethylene, mainly for 15 h treatment (about +17%). The 36 h ethylene treatment induced a loss anthocyanins (−14%), while phenols practically returned to the initial content. A high content of ethanol, acetic acid, and ethyl acetate were detected in 36 h ethylene-treated grapes, together with higher isoamyl acetate content, compared to air and other ethylene treatments. C6 compounds, markers of lipids peroxidation, were slightly higher in 36 h ethylene-treated samples than in control. Shorter ethylene treatments did not significantly modify the aroma profile compared to air treatment.

Karyo-Morphology and Nucleoli Analysis of Commelina L. (Commelinaceae) from Ethiopia

BackgroundWith about 100 species, Commelina is the largest genus of Commelinaceae in Africa. Although medicinal and economic benefits had been studied extensively, little is known about its cytological analysis. Hence, this study will focus on chromosome and nucleoli analysis of selected species of Commelina L. Somatic chromosomes were prepared from root tips that emerged from the nodes of stem cuttings that were made to stand submerged in water. The roots were pretreated in 8-hydroxyquinelin 3-5 hrs followed by fixation in 3:1 ethanol: acetic acid for 1-24 hrs at 4OC. Air-dry slides were prepared following cellulase and pectinase maceration at 37OC, the preparation was stained in Giemsa stain (PH 6.4), rinsed and mounted. Nucleoli were stained in silver nitrate solution. ResultsChromosome numbers and Karyotype formula of the four species were found as C. africana 2n=2x=30 (12m + 10sm + 8st), C. benghalensis 2n=6x=66 (36m + 24sm + 6st), C. diffusa (Ginchi) 2n=66 (28m +26sm + 12st), C. diffusa (Jimma) 2n=2x=30 (10m + 8sm + 12st) and C. subulata 2n=2x=30 (18m +10sm + 2st). According to Stebbins karyotype asymmetry, the karyotypes of C. africana and C. subulata were 2A type, while that of C. benghalensis and C. diffusa (Ginchi) were 2B type. 3A asymmetry type was obtained for C. diffusa (Jimma). Karotypes of Tradescantia were found to be monomodal for the Commelina species of the studied plant materials. Satellites were observed for species C. africana and C. diffusa with variation in number ranging from 2 to 6. The maximum number of nucleoli observed varies from two to four for Commelina. ConclusionsThis study reported karyotype and nucleoli of the Ethiopian Commelinaceae for the first time. The current investigation can be considered as an additional karyotype data to the earlier meiosis report for Ethiopian materials.

Separation of Chromium Cadmium Nickel and Titanium from Ilmenite Ore

This study shows the separation of chromium, cadmium, nickel and titanium from Egyptian ilmenite ore. ‎The method implicates leaching the ore in 20% hydrochloric acid. Titanium ions, after removal of the ferrous ions, were precipitated as a hydroxide. It was reduced with 1 M alcoholic ascorbic acid. Chromium, cadmium, and nickel in the leachate were estranged by a strongly basic Lewatit 600 anion exchanger. The picked-up elements were eluted using 4M hydrochloric acid. An azo resorcinol 4-(2-pyridylazo) dye helps complexing of the adsorbed elements to form negatively charged complexes. Adsorption isotherms were modelled in an ethanol/acetic acid/water media. Results show that the convenient conditions of leaching the ore were 30% HCl for 120 min at 80°C, solid: liquid ratio of 1:30 and stirring. The interaction between the metal ions and the ion-exchanger to form the complex compounds is an electrostatically controlling-adsorption step. The trivalent chromium showed a significant perception at an acid medium at a pH 3.5-4.5. Cadmium and nickel ions uptake takes place in an alkaline medium. The chelating capacity of the sorbent is proportional to the electronegativity of the metal-dye complexes. The ∆E of the leaching process amounts to 13.8 kJ per mole.

New Access to Pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-3-carboxylates via Domino Four-Component Reaction and Their Antimicrobial Activity

A library of some novel classes of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-3-carboxylates was synthesized by employing uncatalyzed domino four-component reaction using diethyloxaloacetate, hydrazine hydrate, aldehydes and malononitrile in refluxing of ethanol-acetic acid solvent systems. Series of domino reactions involving of pyrazolone formation, Michael addition, and Thorpe-Ziegler cyclization reaction managed to produce the cyclized products from moderate to excellent yield. This protocol provides a reliable, general and salient procedure for the title compound using a one-pot approach. Preliminary biological screening unveiled limited potentials of this class of compounds for antimicrobial lead compound due to its limited solubility properties.