ANATOMICAL THEATER OF A MEDICAL UNIVERSITY AS A SOURCE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF A MEDICAL STUDENT

In the article it is reflected the history of the opening of the anatomical theatre of Kursk state medical university and sections of the anatomical museum’s exposition are described in detail. The authors highlight the importance of this university structure not only on students’ education, but also in raising of the younger education. Creation of anatomical theatres was an important stage of anatomy’s formation as a basic medical science. The theatre’s architecture and exhibits are created by traditional methods and innovative technologies.

UNIVERSITY CHARTERS AS A LEGISLATIVE BASIS FOR MUSEUM BUSINESS IN RUSSIAN UNIVERSITIES (XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES)

For the first time in the museum literature, the article traces the influence of university charters on the museum business in Russian universities in the XIX – early XX century. Using the original act documents extracted from the “Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire”, the author showed that the charter of 1804 and all subsequent legislative acts provided for the formation of auxiliary educational institutions in universities – offices, assemblies, anatomical theaters. It is particularly stipulated that the charter of 1804 did not use the term “museum”, since it was not widely used in Russia at that time. In the act documents at the beginning of the XIX century, the word “cabinet” was used, which was in some sense a synonym for it and was used in the sense of storage, collection. But the work prescribed by legislative acts on the selection, description and preservation of exhibits, tools, and other objects necessary for teaching, allows us to talk about the birth of museum functions in universities. Starting in 1835, the charters introduced the term “museum”, they expanded the list of educational materials and aids. Taking into account the obvious lack of knowledge on the subject under study, the author gives the entire list of educational and auxiliary institutions listed in the statutes. These are the cabinets: physical, mineralogical, botanical, zoological, technological, and the collection of machines and models for applied mathematics, collections – architectural models, pharmacological, surgical instruments, obstetrical instruments, anatomical theater and collection of exhibits, zootomic theater, and collection of exhibits, as well as the Museum of Fine Arts and Antiquities. The statutes prescribe ways to replenish university collections, including through the unhindered discharge of benefits from abroad. In the university charters and staff schedules attached to the charters, it was mandatory to specify monetary amounts, determine their distribution for the maintenance of offices and museums, as well as the heads and general staff of these university departments. The article emphasizes that the charter of 1863 spelled out in detail the procedure for approving the position of curators of cabinets and museums, and in addition, their pension provision was separately prescribed. The charter of 1884 provides an expanded list of university museums, establishes the number of employees, and addresses issues of museum management. At the end of the article, it is quite appropriate to conclude that the university charters defined the legislative foundations of the museum business in Russian universities of the XIX-early XX century

N. Solovtsov. On congenital deformities of the central nervous system. — Moscow, 1899, 118 p. 80. With 14 tables of photographs and 18 figs. in the text

The material for the study served the author a number of cases that were introduced by him at the autopsies in the pathological anatomical theater of the Moscow educational house. 14 cases are described in more detail, which refer either to premature babies, b. h. dead-born, fetuses (about the 8th month of pregnancy), or to children born in the normal period and after birth who have lived some, b. or m. short, time (from several hours and maximum up to 2 years).

To the history of the creation of anatomical theaters in the Medical and Surgical (Military Medical Academy)

Was established that the prototype of anatomical theaters in Russia was the anatomical theater of Leiden University (Holland), built in 1575. This theater is shown in color engraving of Cornelius Woodan, created in 1610. In St. Petersburg, at the Department of Anatomy and Physiology of the Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy, this engraving was received in 1805 as part of the collection of the anatomist V. Kruikshenk, acquired for the academy with the direct assistance of Emperor Alexander I. In Russia, the first anatomical theater appeared only in 1708. It was created at the Moscow Medical and Surgical Academy. Historians connect his appearance with a visit in 1697 by Emperor Peter the I of Leiden University. In St. Petersburg, the history of anatomical theaters dates back to the PetrovskayaKunstkamera, built in 1722. It demonstrated rarities - freaks, and also heard scientific reports. Russian anatomical theaters as an arena for the production of public spectacular autopsy did not receive their development but became an integral part of the anatomy department at higher educational institutions. Such an anatomical training theater was built at the foundation of the Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy on the right bank of the Neva in a stone two- story building. The first head of the Department of Anatomy and hysiology, P.A. Zagorsky took part in its design and equipment. Zagorsky. There was a table in the center of the amphitheater, the dimensions of which made it possible to demonstrate a whole corpse at a lecture, to conduct physiological experiments. In this amphitheater, lectures were given by Professor P.A. Zagorsky, I.V. Buyalsky, P.A. Naranovich. It lasted until 1871. The creation of a new anatomical theater in Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy is associated with the name of Professor V.L. Gruber, who after N.I. Pirogov headed the Anatomical Institute. In 1857, V.L. Gruber visited 13 anatomical institutes in Germany and in his trip report substantiated the idea of building a new anatomical building - a specialized Anatomical Institute. V.L. Gruber report was approved by the Academy Conference, headed by its head - P.A. Dubovitsky. In 1864, the building was laid, the construction of which was completed only in 1871. The construction was carried out under the guidance of an engineer - captain of the academician of architecture K.Ya. Sokolova. In this three-story building, the current Anatomical building, two classrooms were built in each wing - № 1 and № 2. They look like an amphitheater and are a prototype of the best European anatomical theaters. Currently, overhaul has been carried out in this building; the design of the anatomical theater has been preserved in classrooms 1 and 2. These auditoriums, which are a historical monument of the Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy, are equipped with modern technical training aids. It is in these classrooms that cadets and students of the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy are currently starting their journey into medicine.

Mortui vivos docent [The dead teach the living]

Medical museums are a record of the history of the medical thought processes. The Anatomical museum of the Department of Normal Anatomy located in the Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University was founded in 1894 by Professor Henryk Kadyi (1851–1912). The museum includes a number of unique objects and displays > 2,000 specimens. These medical artifacts include both normal anatomy and malformed artifacts. The museum is divided into three sections that are arranged according to the systems of the body and a method of preparing specimens. The vast array of preserved specimens represents comparative, developmental, gender, systemic, dynamic, plastic, and descriptive anatomy. Besides the Anatomical museum, the historical treasure is the Anatomical Theater, the oldest auditorium at the Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University that preserved its authenticity. These educational places teach us not only about morphology, but also help us appreciate the beauty of the human body.