Entre cores e luzes

O artigo tem como objetivo analisar as ideias sobre o Pan-americanismo que estiveram presentes na organização e execução da Exposição Internacional Pan-Americana de Búfalo, Nova Iorque, realizada em 1901. Sendo recorrentemente lembrada pelo assassinato do presidente William McKinley por um anarquista durante a Exposição, ela representou uma exibição das ideias imperialistas presentes na perspectiva pan-americana, demonstrando também os seus limites. Essa exposição foi caracterizada pela utilização da eletricidade e do uso de cores que demonstravam a pujança tecnológica e a abundância de recursos naturais do continente, atribuindo-se a ela a designação de “rainbow city”. Ela foi marcada ainda pelo forte apelo às ideias evolucionistas, esboçadas no percurso de suas avenidas. Nesse sentido, procura-se traçar aqui os principais ideais que conduziram a ação da Companhia da Exposição Pan-Americana na organização do evento.

“Mckinley, the God of Fool Negroes”

Chapter 4 offers a rhetorical history of Turner's political career leading up to the 1900 campaign. Second, the chapter offers a rhetorical analysis of speeches and writings from Turner as he campaigned for the Democratic nominee, William Jennings Bryan. Though Bryan lost to William McKinley in a landslide, Turner argued that his support for Bryan was in protest of the Republican Party abandoning the principles of liberty and justice for all.

The Cycle of Regimes

American political history has featured a series of successive governing regimes in which political parties compete. During each regime one of the parties tends to dominate politics practically and ideologically. The regime rises and falls. We are at the end of the Reagan regime, which began in the 1980s. Stephen Skowronek’s model of presidential leadership in political time suggests that Donald Trump is probably a disjunctive president who brings the Reagan regime to a close. Politics during the last years of a regime are often confusing and dysfunctional, and this period is no exception. Trump may avoid disjunction and give the Reagan regime a second wind, like William McKinley did in 1896. Although this possibility is very real, it runs counter to long-term demographic trends. The next regime is more likely to feature the Democrats as the dominant party.

Into the New Century

This chapter details how the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901 reinforced the presumed connection between immigrants and class-based radicalism that had been building for the previous thirty-five years. Concurrent developments, above and beyond the president's murder, would insure continuation of the linkage. With the end of the 1890s depression, the new century's first decade saw the arrival of record numbers of immigrants, increasingly coming from southern and eastern Europe. Return of commercial prosperity cemented employers' need of their labor, but the continued reliance on foreign-born workers by businesses came amid intensified concerns about the foreigners' problematic behaviors. Over the next ten years, against a backdrop of economic growth coupled with virtually continuous labor conflict, these presumptions would bring heightened calls for immigration restriction, and would push business interests to intensify their efforts to control labor, notably in industries with predominately alien workforces.

Presidential Assassinations: Historical Review with Current Technology

As many have studied in the past, the real question of a presidential assassination failure or completion of the attempt should focus on the medical outlook, albeit sometimes surgical in nature. In this article, injuries sustained by various assassination attempts will be examined thoroughly to ensure they received the most appropriate medical care possible at that time and, then in turn, evaluate the medical outcomes in light of contemporary medical knowledge. The five presidents include Abraham Lincoln, James Garfield, William McKinley, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan. Although the advent of Advanced Trauma Life Support has dramatically altered the care of the critically ill patient, it was rehabilitated in response to the orthopedic surgeon listed in the following paragraph.

William McKinley and American Empire

Between 1897 and 1901 the administration of Republican President William McKinley transformed US foreign policy traditions and set a course for empire through interconnected economic policies and an open aspiration to achieve greater US influence in global affairs. The primary changes he undertook as president included the arrangement of inter-imperial agreements with world powers, a willingness to use military intervention as a political solution, the establishment of a standing army, and the adoption of a “large policy” that extended American jurisdiction beyond the North American continent. Opposition to McKinley’s policies coalesced around the annexation of the Philippines and the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion in China. Anti-imperialists challenged McKinley’s policies in many ways, but despite fierce debate, the president’s actions and advocacy for greater American power came to define US policymaking for generations to come. McKinley’s administration merits close study.

The Adversity and Empathy of Emma Goldman

Chapter 4 examines how Emma Goldman wrote her 1931 Living My Life to challenge the state authority that had deported her during the first Red Scare, turning inward before a global audience to analyze experiences in the family, factory, anarchist circles, prison, and in nursing. Through autobiography Goldman theorized two approaches to antiauthoritarian politics. Whereas an adversarial approach aimed to emancipate the people through targeting and removing agents of oppression, empathy would raise awareness of the people that suffer structural injustice. The chapter traces this shift in anarchist politics across Goldman’s descriptions of her assistance with the attempted murder of Henry Clay Frick and her response to the assassination of President William McKinley. Recognizing Goldman’s claim of experience elevates Living My Life among her anarcha-feminist essays and speeches, and it explains why she revealed her previously secret involvement with the attack on Frick though it made difficult her return to the United States.