Does explaining the origins of misinformation improve the effectiveness of a given correction?

Misinformation often has a continuing influence on event-related reasoning even when it is clearly and credibly corrected; this is referred to as the continued influence effect. The present work investigated whether a correction’s effectiveness can be improved by explaining how the misinformation originated. Two experiments examined whether a correction that explained misinformation as originating from intentional deception, or an unintentional error were more effective than a correction that only identified the misinformation as false. Experiment 1 found that corrections which explained the misinformation as intentionally or unintentionally misleading were as effective as a correction that was not accompanied by an explanation for how the misinformation originated. We replicated this in Experiment 2 and found substantial attenuation of thecontinued influence effect in a novel scenario with the same underlying structure.Overall, the results suggest that informing people that the misinformation originated from a deliberate lie or accidental error may not be an effective correction strategy over and above stating that the misinformation is false.

The Impact of Digital Economy on Total Factor Productivity of China’s Service Industry

As a kind of integrated economy, digital economy has an important impact on the economic growth and production and lifestyle of multiple countries and regions, and plays a significant role in promoting the reconstruction of the international economic pattern. As an important industry of China’s national economy, the service industry is crucial to China’s economic growth. This paper measures the development level of digital economy in provinces and cities through constructing digital economy index system, uses super efficiency SBM-Malmquist model to measure total factor productivity of service industry, and tests the influence effect of digital economy on total factor productivity of Chinese service industry. Finally, the optimization path of digital economy on China’s service industry is proposed.

The Moderating Effect of Prosocial Peers on the Relationships Between Peer Delinquency, Neutralization, and Violent Offending

The goal of the current investigation was to determine whether prosocial peer associations can serve as protective factors by interacting with key components of the peer influence effect. A moderated mediation analysis performed on 2,474 youth (52% female) from the Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT) study (mean age = 12.13 years) revealed that Wave 2 prosocial peer associations moderated the peer delinquency–neutralization relationship. Alternately, Wave 3 prosocial peer associations moderated the neutralization–violent offending relationship. Hence, neutralization beliefs were disproportionately weaker in participants with fewer delinquent peer associations and more prosocial peer associations, whereas the effect of neutralization on delinquency was attenuated, though not eliminated, by strong prosocial peer associations. These results suggest that prosocial peer associations may serve a protective function at different points in the peer influence sequence and that they may be more than simply the converse of peer delinquency.

Exploring factors that mitigate the continued influence of misinformation

Background The term “continued influence effect” (CIE) refers to the phenomenon that discredited and obsolete information continues to affect behavior and beliefs. The practical relevance of this work is particularly apparent as we confront fake news everyday. Thus, an important question becomes, how can we mitigate the continued influence of misinformation? Decades of research have identified several factors that contribute to the CIE reduction, but few have reported successful elimination. Across three studies, we evaluated the relative contribution of three factors (i.e., targeting the misinformation, providing an alternative explanation, and relative importance of the misinformation content) to the reduction of the CIE. Results Across three studies and two different CIE measures, we found that alternative provision consistently resulted in CIE reduction. Furthermore, under certain conditions, the combination of alternative inclusion and direct targeting of misinformation in the correction statement resulted in successful elimination of the CIE, such that individuals who encountered that type of correction behaved similarly to baseline participants who never encountered the (mis)information. In contrast, under one CIE measure, participants who received correction statements that failed to include those elements referenced the (mis)information as frequently as baseline participants who never encountered a correction. Finally, we delineated several component processes involved in misinformation outdating and found that the extent of outdating success varied as a function of the causality of misinformation. Conclusions The damaging effects of fake news are undeniable, and the negative consequences are exacerbated in the digital age. Our results contribute to our understanding of how fake news persists and how we may begin to mitigate their effects.

Sensitivity to misinformation retractions in the continued influence paradigm: Evidence for stability

Research has consistently shown that misinformation can continue to affect inferential reasoning after a correction. This phenomenon is known as the continued influence effect (CIE). Recent studies have demonstrated that CIE susceptibility can be predicted by individual differences in stable cognitive abilities. Based on this, it was reasoned that CIE susceptibility ought to have some degree of stability itself; however, this has never been tested. The current study aimed to investigate the temporal stability of retraction sensitivity, arguably a major determinant of CIE susceptibility. Participants were given parallel forms of a standard CIE task 4 weeks apart, and the association between testing points was assessed with an intra-class correlation coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis. Results suggested that retraction sensitivity is relatively stable and can be predicted as an individual-differences variable. These results encourage continued individual-differences research on the CIE and have implications for real-world CIE intervention.

Pengaruh Konsep Bauran Pemasaran terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Dan Keputusan Membeli Produk Batik di Mageria Batik Malioboro

The research aims to know how far the influence of marketing mix, consisting of product, price, location and promotion toward customer satisfaction and the impact to purchase decision of batik product at Margaria Batik in Malioboro Yogyakarta. The data was collected by spreading questioner to 150 respondents, chosen by purposive sampling and analyzed by path analysis method. The hypothesis was submitted are marketing mix has an influence effect to purchase decisions by direct or indirect pass through the customer satisfaction. The analysis result of the first sub-structure regression was known that product and price dimensions have significant influences on customer satisfaction. Whereas, the location and promotion dimension didn’t have significant influence on customer satisfaction. The analysis result of the second sub-structure was known that product and price have direct influences dominantly than indirect influences pass through the customer satisfaction.