Lübnan’da Ortak Kimliğin Oluşumunda Sedir Devrimi’nin Rolü

The Lebanese lands, which hosted many different ethnic and religious identities under the Ottoman Empire's rule, could not bring together the plural and distinctive differences within it on common ground. The most crucial factor for the lack of common ground is the Mutasarrifate system established with the interference of France and other European states under the Ottoman rule in the country. The Mutasarrifate system's institutionalization and the building of administrative changes on this system in Lebanon's historical breaking moments brought the fragmented structure to the present day. As a result, this political system based on ethnic and religious differences prevented a Lebanese state citizen identity based on common rights and responsibilities. In the continuation and afterward of the demonstrations that started right after the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri in Lebanon in 2005, a broad social consensus ground could not be established. Considered as the reflection of color revolutions in the Middle East, the Cedar Revolution could not produce more democratic and inclusive results as claimed.

Legal Framework for Cooperation of Municipalities in the Conditions of the Czech Republic

In 1990, there was a "renewal" of local self-government in the Czech Republic and other legislative changes took place that strengthened the powers of municipalities and allowed them to develop completely new forms and ways of cooperation, such as microregions, joint participation in business corporations and interest groups of legal entities (associations), etc. The activities of the Union of Towns and Municipalities of the Czech Republic were also renewed. The entire 1990s are marked by the emergence of new regional and national cooperation structures, with further acceleration coming in connection with the accession of the Czech Republic to the EU in 2004. Late 2010s are connected with strengthening relations between the private and public sectors, or with the division of existing forms of cooperation, due to which municipalities now have a fragmented structure of more than 20 possible ways of cooperation with other municipalities. However, in individual areas of the Czech Republic, this cooperation has different intensity, spatial arrangement and, of course, also different legal form, the historical genesis of which is mapped in this paper.

The Narcissism of Small Differences?

This chapter highlights the problematic nature of every attempt to characterize the diverse Hasidic groups, schools of thought, and sects, which comprise the Hasidic movement. It talks about three well-known Hasidic leaders: ’the Yehudi,’ Simhah Bunem of Pshiskhe, and the Rabbi of Kotsk, who are generally considered founders of the distinctive Pshiskhe–Kotsk school but differed greatly in their respective spiritual orientations. It also explains Hasidism as a collection of distinct and often conflicting groups that comprises one charismatic leader each, who usually belongs to a dynasty of hereditary leaders. The chapter discusses the awakening of the collective consciousness of belonging to one movement among the disciples of the Magid of Mezeritsh. It describes the fragmented structure of the movement that was inherent from its earliest formative period.

Structure and Grain Boundaries of Ultrafine-Grained Nickel after Rolling and Forging at Cryogenic Temperature

The structure and misorientations of grain boundaries of ultrafine-grained nickel subjected to rolling and forging at liquid nitrogen temperature are studied. It is shown that as a result of rolling in UFG nickel obtained by the ECAP the forming of a band fragmented structure with the formation of special twin boundaries Σ3 is observed. An increase in the strain rate (forging) leads to the appearance of localized deformation bands in which the formation of new small grains is observed through dynamic recrystallization. The development of recrystallization results in increase up to 7% in UFG nickel the fraction of special twin boundaries Σ3 which are similar in nature to annealing twins.

Book Review: The Treatise on the Whole-World by Édouard Glissant

This engaging and challenging work by the seminal French-Caribbean writer and philosopher Édouard Glissant features a timely plea for valuing and preserving diversity, relation and the irreducible alterity of the ‘Other’. The book is especially pertinent amidst a historical backdrop plagued by socio-ecological upheavals and the mounting absence of diversity in a multiplicity of forms- from languages to species- which Glissant frequently laments (p. 131). The book’s fragmented structure, which may pose a challenge for some readers, features a mosaic of theoretical discussions, poetry and passages narrated by characters from Glissant’s previous novels. Yet the book’s structure reflects not only Glissant’s eclectic background but also the work’s core themes of diversity and relation. An array of thinkers, concepts, lines of inquiry and propositions are brought together- albeit not always as clearly or explicitly as they might have been- to produce the whole-text that is The Treatise on the Whole-World.

Changes in agrarian structure in the EU during the period 2010–2016 in terms of typological groups of countries

The paper presents the changes in the spatial structure of agricultural holdings in the European Union between 2010 and 2016 from the perspective of typological groups of countries. The research was conducted based on Eurostat data. The holdings were divided into the following groups: up to 5 ha of agricultural land (AL), 5–20 ha, 20–50 ha, and over 50 ha. Based on the fuzzy classification method, 4 typological groups of countries with a similar spatial structure of holdings were distinguished. The intergroup diversity is high. The dynamics of changes in the number of holdings in particular countries per typological group was presented. A downward trend in the total number of holdings and smallholdings was observed, in particular in countries characterised by a fragmented structure of holdings. In these countries, an upward trend in the number of holdings of 20–50 ha and over 50 ha was noted. Between 2010 and 2016, the structure and composition of typological groups changed. There were also slight changes (in different directions) in the structural distance between the groups.

Genesis and current state of interest groups system in France

The article is dedicated to development and current state of the interest groups system in France. The author shows that the development of the French interest groups system occurred under the influence of historical, cultural, social and institutional factors. For comparative researchers who analyze interest groups in different countries France represents a special case since it cannot be classified as either corporatist or pluralistic. Although initially the French model was closer to corporatism, the trade unions — an essential element of classical corporatist systems — always played much smaller role. In addition, in France there is a tradition of close interaction between elites, which directly affects the interest groups system. The most influential groups are those that enjoy privileged access to government officials which allows us to talk about sectoral corporatism. At the same time, pluralistic tendencies can be traced in the development of the French interest groups system. However, in France, the pluralization of the interest groups system is associated not with the development of market relations but with the fragmented structure of state power, in which the decision-making process is concentrated in pluralistic and at the same time elitist communities. The author concludes that the peculiarities of the development of the political system and political culture in France led to the existence of such a system of interest groups that combines both corporate and pluralistic features, but the logic of their interaction with the government is based on the principle of inter-elite interaction.

The Crow

This chapter shows how both the content and the structure of The Crow illustrate the notion that the monster is an embodiment of affect and representative of ruptures with logic and chaos. The Crow reflects the disruption that is part of both monstrosity and Romanticism. The chapter begins by unpacking the fragmented structure of the comic, which incorporates literary and visual references to Romanticism as well as diverse, mostly romantic, poems and post-punk, gothic rock lyrics in those fragments. Being fragments, these elements are also gothic in their intertextual cravings. The role of emotions in the story is then examined followed by a concluding section on the theatrical aspects of intense emotionality and its central role in the protagonist's quest. Spectacularity is complemented by the Crow's self-stylization as a painted figure with a permanent smile, immortal on one hand, but still deeply traumatized, for although he quickly heals from the shots directed at him, he still bleeds. The final section also discusses the coexisting ghostliness and spectactularity of the Crow’s revenge while also elaborating on the unfulfilled nature of his vengeful quest.