„Rasa czyli plemię”. Problemy z nomenklaturą u początku polskiej antropologii

“Race or Tribe”: Problems with Nomenclature in the Early Days of Polish Anthropology This article presents the early stage of shaping Polish terminology connected with the human science, the origins of man and differentiation of humankind in the period when anthropology only began to separate from natural history, and its representatives attempted to make the scope of their research clear and distinct. This process of organising the organic world within the classification systems created for this purpose, including divisions of the mankind on the basis of physical and cultural features of people, was accompanied by an effort to unify scholarly nomenclature and establish a “systematic language”. This was a slow and often chaotic phase because scholars did not object to inconsistent nomenclature at all. In works popularising knowledge and in journalism even more disinformation appeared.The notion of race was accepted as a superior category that was to show a complexity of terms reflecting the divisions of the human kind. This term, from the second half of the eighteenth century used in Western literature to denote individual physical types of man, in the Polish writings was little known and as a rule other notions were in common use instead. Plenty of meanings, diverse and arbitrary application of notions made it necessary to organise this chaos and explain the most typical categories that the Polish authors of the Enlightenment and Romantic periods started to apply in order to describe the diversity of the human world. „Rasa czyli plemię”. Problemy z nomenklaturą u początku polskiej antropologiiW artykule zaprezentowano początki kształtowania się polskiej terminologii związanej z nauką o człowieku, jego pochodzeniu i zróżnicowaniu, w okresie, kiedy antropologia dopiero zaczynała wyodrębniać się z historii naturalnej, a jej przedstawiciele próbowali doprecyzować zakres badanego przedmiotu. Procesowi uporządkowania świata organicznego w ramach powstałych systemów klasyfikacyjnych, w tym podziałów rodzaju ludzkiego ze względu na cechy fizyczne i kulturowe, towarzyszyło ujednolicenie nazewnictwa naukowego, tworzenie „języka systematycznego”. Jego powstawanie dokonywało się powoli, często chaotycznie za sprawą samych badaczy, którym nie przeszkadzała nomenklaturowa niekonsekwencja. Jeszcze większa dezinformacja panowała w pracach popularyzujących wiedzę i publicystyce.Za kategorię nadrzędną, która posłużyła do ukazania złożoności formowania się terminów związanych z podziałami ludzkości, przyjęto pojęcie rasy. Termin ten, używany w literaturze zachodniej do opisów odrębnych typów fizycznych człowieka od drugiej połowy XVIII wieku w piśmiennictwie polskim był słabo upowszechniony i konsekwentnie zastępowany innymi określeniami. Bogactwo znaczeń, różnorodność i dowolność ich stosowania zrodziły potrzebę uporządkowania tego pojęciowego zamieszania i wyjaśnienia najbardziej typowych kategorii, które służyły polskim autorom formacji oświeceniowej i romantycznej do opisów zróżnicowania świata ludzkiego.

Biological Roles of Lipocalins in Chemical Communication, Reproduction, and Regulation of Microbiota

Major evolutionary transitions were always accompanied by genetic remodelling of phenotypic traits. For example, the vertebrate transition from water to land was accompanied by rapid evolution of olfactory receptors and by the expansion of genes encoding lipocalins, which – due to their transporting functions – represent an important interface between the external and internal organic world of an individual and also within an individual. Similarly, some lipocalin genes were lost along other genes when this transition went in the opposite direction leading, for example, to cetaceans. In terrestrial vertebrates, lipocalins are involved in the transport of lipophilic substances, chemical signalling, odour reception, antimicrobial defence and background odour clearance during ventilation. Many ancestral lipocalins have clear physiological functions across the vertebrate taxa while many other have – due to pleiotropic effects of their genes – multiple or complementary functions within the body homeostasis and development. The aim of this review is to deconstruct the physiological functions of lipocalins in light of current OMICs techniques. We concentrated on major findings in the house mouse in comparison to other model taxa (e.g., voles, humans, and birds) in which all or most coding genes within their genomes were repeatedly sequenced and their annotations are sufficiently informative.

Modern evolutionism and the views of A. A. Lyubishchev on the problem of species

With the advent of Darwinism, historical, functional, and adaptive approaches began to dominate in the theory of form. According to A. A. Lyubishchev: «Historical morphology devoured constructive». The tasks of morphology and taxonomy are closely related. Both disciplines should strive to identify the laws governing the diversity of the organic world. The nomogenetic component of evolution, the laws underlying the system, are reflected in morphology. And vice versa, the similarity of organs of different origins, facts of incomplete homology, pre-adaptation of forms, a huge number of parallelisms and many other morphological factors prove not only the existence of laws of form, but also the nomogenetic component of evolution. Despite the heterogeneity and exceptional complexity in the structure of organisms, there is a recurrence of similar forms that penetrates the entire systematics, suggesting that the forms of organisms are not epiphenomenons of a complex structure. An excellent example of regular variability is the Law of homologous series of hereditary variability by N. I. Vavilov: «knowing what mutational changes occur in individuals of any species, one can foresee that the same mutations in similar conditions will arise in related species and genera.» For A. A. Lyubishchev, the main components of evolution were: 1) tychogenetic (evolution based on random, unforeseen mutations); 2) nomogenetic (the presence of firm laws of development and limited form formation); 3) ectogenetic (factors external to organisms); and 4) telogenetic (active adaptation of organisms). At present, the study of architectonics and promorphology is coming to the fore, i.e. symmetry of organisms.

Concept of Zaght al-Dam-Qawi (Hypertension) and its Management Modalities in Unani System of Medicine

The scope of Unani medicine is increasing day by day as people are becoming more interested in herbal and organic world. However, Unani (herbal) knowledge needs to be coupled with scientific documented research done to verify its efficacy. The aim of this paper is to provide updated knowledge on hypertension and its management in the Unani system of medicine. Hypertension is a major health hazard globally especially in developed countries. In the Unani system of medicine, there are mudirrat (diuretics) to reduce body fluids and minerals, and musakkin (relaxants) and munawwim (sedatives) are also advised by Unani physicians to reduce anxiety. Unani physician, Razi recommends venesection for this particular ailment. Unani physicians have given the concept of hypertension as “Imtila-ba-Hasb-ul-Auiya” and have said that this occurs due to sue-e-mizaj damwi and comes under the heading of Imtila. Literally ‘Imtala’ means gathering and fullness of the body with madda (fluids). To be precise, it means there is a buildup of normal or abnormal fluids in the body. Unani physicians were all aware of the concept of Zaghta e damwi (blood pressure). Systole as ‘Zaghta-e-Inqabazi’ and diastole as ‘Zaghta-e-Inbesati’ is well depicted in the Unani literature. Most of the world’s population, mainly in developing countries, use herbal medicines for primary health care because of their ancient tradition, culture, and minor side effects. Various kinds of research have been conducted regarding the hypotensive and antihypertensive therapeutic values of local medicinal plants in the recent past, and they have provided evidence for the antihypertensive effects of some of these plants.

World natural and cultural-natural heritage of china: current state, problems, development prospects

Проведен анализ размещения объектов Всемирного природного и культурно-природного (смешанного) наследия на территории КНР по критериям природного наследия ЮНЕСКО. Из 13 объектов природного наследия КНР девять соответствуют VII критерию наследия, обладая живописными пейзажами. Далее следуют объекты, соответствующие Х и VIII критериям (пять и четыре объекта соответственно). Меньше всего объектов, их всего два, соответствуют IХ критерию. Все объекты, выделенные по критерию природной живописности (VII), находятся в горных или предгорных ландшафтах. Особую группу пейзажей составляют «Святые горы», культовые центры кофуцианства («Горы Уишань») и даосизма («Гора Тайшань»). Среди объектов, соответствующих критерию палеонтологической, геологической или геоморфологической ценности (VIII), ключевые палеонтологические территории представлены в первую очередь «Археологическим заповедником Чэндзян», отражающим ход «кембрийского взрыва». Карстовые ландшафты представлены в резерватах «Карстовые отложения Южного Китая» и «Горы Данься»», считающихся крупнейшим единым карстовым образованием Земли. Горные эрозионные ландшафты национального парка «Три параллельные реки» признаны эталоном альпийского горообразования. Из объектов наследия по критерию природно-ландшафтного разнообразия (IХ) представлены только «убежища жизни» в плейстоцене, не затронутые четвертичными горными оледенениями. Среди объектов Всемирного наследия по критерию биологического разнообразия (Х) заповеданы только горные ландшафты с высоким уровнем эндемизма. Ключевой орнитологической территорией являются «Заповедники перелетных птиц на побережье Желтого моря – Бохайский залив Китая», имеющие планетарное значение для авифауны, использующей восточноазиатский перелетный путь. Проанализированы проблемы и перспективы развития сети объектов Всемирного наследия. Показано, что в основном заповеданы горные и интразональные ландшафты. Зональные ландшафты не представлены в списке наследия из-за высокого уровня антропогенного освоения. The analysis of the location of the World Natural and Cultural-Natural (Mixed) Heritage objects on the territory of the PRC according to the criteria of the natural heritage of UNESCO was carried out. Of the 13 natural heritage sites of the PRC, nine ones meet the VII criterion of heritage, possessing picturesque landscapes. This is followed by X and VIII criteria (five and four objects, respectively). Least of all objects (two) meet the IX criterion. All objects corresponding to the criterion of natural beauty (VII) are located in mountainous or foothill landscapes. A special group of landscapes includes the «Holy Mountains», the cult centers of Confucianism («Wuyishan Mountains») and Taoism («Mount Tai shan»). Among the objects meeting the criterion of paleontological, geological or geomorphological value (VIII), key paleontological territories are represented by the «Chendjiang Archaeological Reserve» reflecting the course of the «Cambrian explosion». Karst landscapes are expressed in the reserves «Karst deposits of South China» and «Danxia Mountains», which are considered the largest single karst formation on Earth. Mountain erosional landscapes of the National Park «Three Parallel Rivers» are recognized as the standard of alpine mountain building. Of the heritage sites meeting the criterion of natural landscape diversity (IX), only the «shelters of life» in the Pleistocene not affected by the Quaternary mountain glaciations, are represented. Among the World Heritage sites, according to the criterion of biological diversity (X), only mountain landscapes with a high level of endemism are reserved. The level of endemism in the organic world reaches at least one third in the organic world. The key bird area is the «Migratory Bird Sanctuary on the Yellow Sea Coast – Bohai Bay», which is of planetary importance for avifauna using the East Asian migratory route. The problems and prospects for the development of their network are analyzed. It is shown that mainly mountainous and intrazonal landscapes are reserved. Zonal landscapes are not represented in the heritage list due to the high level of anthropogenic development.

Analysis of the death causes in sturgeon fish on a farming environment

Artificial breeding of sturgeon fish ensures the preservation of the species as a component of the organic world system, restoration of the population and obtaining a high-quality and valuable fish product. The fact of a significant number death of Siberian (Lena) sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) raised on a farm (Dnipropetrovsk region, Ukraine) was investigated. A complex of hydrochemical, ichthyological, hydrobiological, mycological and microbiological research methods was used. It was found that due to the violation of the technological conditions for keeping sturgeon fish in the enterprise, there were changes in their behavior, peculiarities in movement, loss of appetite with the death of a significant number of fish. An increase in water temperature by two degrees, technical work nearby the pools led to a deterioration in water quality, a change in the behaviour of fish and its death. This case is an example of the lack of education in employees from enterprise, the economy of the owner’s funds: the norms for planting fish of the third and fourth years of life have been violated. No infectious diseases were found in the fish pools. As a result of this work, recommendations were made on the conditions of keeping sturgeons, maintaining the water quality at the proper level, using various types of feed and vitamins to restore the physiological state of animals and to prevent the occurrence of such situations in the future.