Luminaires and the History of the Development of Artificial Lighting in Russia

The article is devoted to luminaires and the history of the development of artificial illumination. As you know, light is one of the human needs. At all stages of the development of human civilization, people have thought about how to use artificial light source if there is not enough daylight. That is why man constantly invented and improved certain light source, the framings of which we now call lighting device or luminaires. The stages of development and improvement of luminaires are a matter of separate serious scientific research. In this article, we are talking about how the development of lighting devices took place in different periods. In different epochs, luminaires corresponded to certain traditions and aesthetic views of certain architectural styles. That is why in his article the author pays great attention not only to the appearance of the described luminaires, but also to its architectural environment.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCE AS A COMPONENT CONSTITUTING THE SCULPTURE

Light, which is the main source in which plastic arts produce meaning by processing it, indirectly takes place in all works of art with its different colors and tones throughout the history of art. With the use of new materials and techniques in art with the modern period, it is seen that the light itself, that is, the light source, is also included in art works as a medium. This situation allowed the artists to create brand new perceptions and effects. With the second half of the 20th century, the use of artificial light source in sculpture as an element belonging to the sculpture is encountered. Some of the artists selected as examples in this study were chosen in terms of being the first example in terms of the material they used, the way they used the light source and the diversity of the content they produced with these materials. Light, which is one of the primary conditions for perception in sculpture; In this study, the material forming the sculpture, such as transparency and reflection, is not based on its interaction with its structure, but as an element that forms a part or whole of the sculpture. It is aimed to show the effect of using artificial light source in sculpture on expression and perception through selected examples.

Solar Flower for Power Generation with Ability to Generate at Night

Today energy is the principle idea for socio-economic development. But because of incremental charge of environmental difficulty renewable strength offer a tremendous interest. This opportunity strength supply is constantly achieving more recognition because of non-stop discount in fossil fuels. It is the strength comes from solar, wind, rain etc. Among the non-conventional, renewable sources, sun power presents notable capability for conversion into electric power. Maximizing strength output from a sun is appropriate to growth efficiency. In order to maximize strength output, wishes to hold the panels aligned with the solar. This paper focuses with the generation capacity of solar energy during day time and as well as during night time. The proposed model guarantees the optimization of the conversion of sun energy into electrical energy via means of properly setting up the panel according with the input of artificial light source in night time and at the same time to that of the sun position during day time. An experimental prototype was built and results have proven the good performance. In future higher efficiencies of solar panels will prove a golden way in generation of solar power 4 times the input in the night time.

REFLECTANCE RECONSTRUCTION OF HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGE BASED ON GAUSSIAN SURFACE FITTING

Different from the field of remote sensing, artificial lights are often utilized as the energy source for spectral imaging in the ground hyperspectral applications. The kind of double-spot light source is widely adopted in some large scale ground hyperspectral applications. However, it is hard to reach a satisfied lighting without difference in light intensity in many cases although the lamps are tuned carefully. Therefore, a reflectance calibration of hyperspectral imaging based on the data of diffuse reflectance standard and Gaussian surface fitting is proposed in this paper. The purpose is to improve the reconstruction accuracy of hyperspectral reflectance image by minimized the error caused by the uneven illumination of artificial light source. The method has a higher accuracy than traditional one according to the experiment results.

Artificial lighting impairs mate attraction in a nocturnal capital breeder

ABSTRACTArtificial lighting at night (ALAN) is increasingly recognised as having negative effects on many organisms, though the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Glow worms are likely susceptible to ALAN because females use bioluminescence to signal to attract males. We quantified the impact of ALAN by comparing the efficacy of traps that mimicked females to attract males in the presence or absence of a white artificial light source (ALS). Illuminated traps attracted fewer males than did traps in the dark. Illuminated traps closer to the ALS attracted fewer males than those further away, whereas traps in the dark attracted similar numbers of males up to 40 m from the ALS. Thus, ALAN impedes females' ability to attract males, the effect increasing with light intensity. Consequently, ALAN potentially affects glow worms' fecundity and long-term population survival. More broadly, this study emphasises the potentially severe deleterious effects of ALAN upon nocturnal insect populations.

Detection and Removal of Moving Object Shadows Using Geometry and Color Information for Indoor Video Streams

The detection and removal of moving object shadows is a challenging issue. In this article, we propose a new approach for accurately removing shadows on modern buildings in the presence of a moving object in the scene. Our approach is capable of achieving good performance when addressing multiple shadow problems, by reducing background surface similarity and ghost artifacts. First, a combined contrast enhancement technique is applied to the input frame sequences to produce high-quality output images for indoor surroundings with an artificial light source. After obtaining suitable enhanced images, segmentation and noise removal filtering are applied to create a foreground mask of the possible candidate moving object shadow regions. Subsequently, geometry and color information are utilized to remove detected shadow pixels that incorrectly include the foreground mask. Here, experiments show that our method correctly detects and removes shadowed pixels in object tracking tasks, such as in universities, department stores, or several indoor sports games.

Comparative Review of Artificial Light Sources for Solar-Thermal Biomass Conversion Research Applications

In recent years solar-thermal methods of waste biomass conversion are promptly gaining on attention. For researchers working in areas that suffer from lack of natural solar power, the choice of proper solar simulator for the study is crucial. Solar simulator consist of artificial light source enclosed in proper housing with optical and cooling system, powered by dedicated power supply. Solar simulators are not only granting independence from external conditions, yet provide possibility of research expand due to tuneable output power and emissive spectrum. Over the years, solar simulators were powered by different types of lamps. Throughout the history, the solar simulators were used mainly in photovoltaic and space research, crystal growth industry, and the material testing. For mentioned purposes, the total thermal output power of simulator was playing secondary role in comparison to urgent need of spectral match, irradiance distribution and beam uniformity with terrestrial or extra-terrestrial sunlight. For thermal applications, solar simulators are facing the challenge of providing high output power, described by high radiant heat flux and high heat flux density over the specified target area. In presented paper the comparison of xenon arc, metal halide lams and tungsten halogen for thermal applications has been presented with emphasis on available thermal power, spectral match with natural sunlight and operational issues. The course of decision taken during the selection of artificial light source for construction of laboratory-scale solar pyrolytic reactor is proposed.

Characterization and application of artificial light sources for nighttime aerosol optical depth retrievals using the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite Day/Night Band

Using nighttime observations from Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day/Night band (DNB), the characteristics of artificial light sources are evaluated as functions of observation conditions, and incremental improvements are documented on nighttime aerosol retrievals using VIIRS DNB data on a regional scale. We find that the standard deviation of instantaneous radiance for a given artificial light source is strongly dependent upon the satellite viewing angle but is weakly dependent on lunar fraction and lunar angle. Retrieval of nighttime aerosol optical thickness (AOT) based on the novel use of these artificial light sources is demonstrated for three selected regions (United States, Middle East and India) during 2015. Reasonable agreement is found between nighttime AOTs from the VIIRS DNB and temporally adjacent daytime AOTs from the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) as well as from coincident nighttime AOT retrievals from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), indicating the potential of this method to begin filling critical gaps in diurnal AOT information at both regional and global scales. Issues related to cloud, snow and ice contamination during the winter season, as well as data loss due to the misclassification of thick aerosol plumes as clouds, must be addressed to make the algorithm operationally robust.