THE SIGNIFICANCE OF INTENT ON ZAKATABLE REAL ESTATE: A JURISTIC ANALYSIS

Real estate remains one of the most significant properties for personal use and investment purposes. Individual institutions and corporate bodies operate on real estate properties. In recent times, there have been several concerns among zakatable individuals and organizations on the shariah criteria for identifying zakatable real estate properties because of the difference between assets for personal use and commercial purposes. There is 'arūd tijārah (commodities for sale) such as real estate, land, car, and goods in real estate investment. On the other hand, 'arūd quniyyah, (durable properties) are intended for personal use such as a private house, private car, private vacation home. This study aims to conceptually analyze the concept of intention in Islam and its juristic interpretations to distinguish between zakatable and non- zakatable real estate properties. This study relies on the inductive approach in gathering and arranging data from classical and modern literature. It also uses the descriptive method in explaining the basic terms in the research. The study found that real estate owners' intent influences the asset's zakat status. First, 'arūd quniyyah (real estate) are durable assets, meant for personal use, are Zakat free, while the real 'arūd tijārah (estate commercial assets) are subject to Zakat. The commercial assets can also be for sale and rental. The study finally suggests that zakat calculations of zakatable real estate should be subjected to supervision and validation of competent contemporary Shariah scholars to ascertain juristic position on the distinctions between zakatable and non-zakatable assets.

LIVE BIRTHS AND STILLBIRTHS – QUESTIONS OF FORENSIC SCIENCE AND RADIOLOGY: CASES FROM EXPERT PRACTICE

Introduction: The article deals with the criteria, forensic and radiological "life tests", difficulties in assessing the results of live birth and stillbirth of the fetus. An excursion into the history of the development of X-ray, including pre-sectional, examination of the corpses of newborns is made. Cases from the practice of two corpses of newborns which underwent pre-section computed tomography are presented. Case presentation: Case № 1: examination of the corpse of a baby found in a cardboard box on the unheated terrace of a private house after a secret self-birth. Case № 2: examination of the corpse of an infant with massive injuries and the division of the body into two fragments, found on a sorting tape in the premises of the waste sorting shop. Conclusion: Postmortem CT of newborn corpses was an evidence-based and visual addition to the traditional forensic medical study, which allowed even at the pre-dissection stage to speak about the maturity of fetuses, to identify injuries and anatomical variants of the structure, to refute the presence of congenital deformities; to establish and record evidence-based CT signs of live birth and stillbirth.

Potter's Bull: An Heirloom and a Gift

Contrary to what we thought we knew about the provenance of Paulus Potter’s iconic The Bull (1647; Mauritshuis, The Hague), the painting served as a gift to Prince William IV of Orange in 1749, after a stay of many decades within the family of Barbara Schas and Willem Fabricius in Haarlem. The painting may have been produced, or adapted, as a giant piece of decoration for a private house in The Hague.

Sauraja Pattojo

Pattojo is a small kingdom in the past, and at this time, Pattojo was called village of Pattojo. The Kingdom of Pattojo is also called ke-datu-an Pattojo whose the king or queen was called datu. To be a king or queen, one must of the highest Nobel or Datu title. Bugis house is identical to the stilt on the house and the rectangular facet is elongated. The house's mention in the bugis tribe has a difference between the noble house and the ordinary people's house. The noble house is called saoraja (Sao=house, raja=big so that saoraja is a big house), and the people's house is called the bola. Generally, noble houses in ancient times were larger than ordinary people's houses. This research is a study on the form of Bugis noble house or king's private house (saoraja datu pattojo: local language) built before Indonesia's independence. The form of façade the arrangement of space in the house has nothing in common with the original Bugis house. It may indicate that the king's house did not follow the original form of Bugis house but has combined between the Bugis and European architecture. Some things that are very clearly undergoing a change from the original of Bugis house is the roof, position of the stairs, there is an arc shape on the underside of the house, and the arrangement of the room has also undergone changes.

R.K. Yanovskiy. About laparotomy in private practice. (Proceedings of the Society of Minsk Doctors, for 1892-93 Minsk. 1893, p. 18)

The author is skeptical about the fear of many modern surgeons who perform gluttony, the air and everything that is in the operating room at the time of the operation, although there is no contact with the wound controversy. In his opinion, the care of some surgeons to arrange their gluttons to the extreme strictly, in relation to the environment, is unnecessary. He himself operates in a private house. (unfortunately, there are no detailed instructions regarding the situation of his womb. Ref.).

LEAFLETS OF THE KAMA AND PERM SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS OF THE PERIOD OF THE FIRST RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OF 1905-1907

The presented publication includes an introductory article and campaign materials from the period of the first Russian revolution, published by the Kama and Perm social-democratic organizations. The published documents were found during the analysis of a private house in Sarapul and transferred for storage to the Udmurt Institute of history, language and literature of the Udmurt Federal Research Center UB RAS. The find includes 10 leaflets and a flying leaf published by printing, as well as handwritten notes (separate pages) with text about the actions of workers during the armed uprising against the police and army units. The leaflets are written in plain, understandable language, with a pronounced focus on target groups (urban residents, workers, soldiers, recruits, students). They contain information explaining the actions of the government and revolutionaries, call for an armed uprising, demand the convocation of the all-Russian Constituent Assembly and the boycott of elections to the State Duma, and tell about significant regional events. Leaflets of regional social-democratic organizations are an important source for studying the history of the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907.