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PeerJ ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. e12764
Author(s):  
Raul Rodriguez-Esteban

Delays in the propagation of scientific discoveries across scientific communities have been an oft-maligned feature of scientific research for introducing a bias towards knowledge that is produced within a scientist’s closest community. The vastness of the scientific literature has been commonly blamed for this phenomenon, despite recent improvements in information retrieval and text mining. Its actual negative impact on scientific progress, however, has never been quantified. This analysis attempts to do so by exploring its effects on biomedical discovery, particularly in the discovery of relations between diseases, genes and chemical compounds. Results indicate that the probability that two scientific facts will enable the discovery of a new fact depends on how far apart these two facts were originally within the scientific landscape. In particular, the probability decreases exponentially with the citation distance. Thus, the direction of scientific progress is distorted based on the location in which each scientific fact is published, representing a path-dependent bias in which originally closely-located discoveries drive the sequence of future discoveries. To counter this bias, scientists should open the scope of their scientific work with modern information retrieval and extraction approaches.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Yılmaz ◽  
Coşkun Arslan ◽  
Emel Arslan

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of mothers’ and teachers’ testimonies that conflict with scientific facts and scientific explanations on kindergartners’ judgments. The participants consisted of 104 young children in Şanlıurfa province in Turkey. Their ages ranged from 48 to 79 months, with a mean age of 61.48 months (SD = 5.58). The participants were randomly assigned to the following four groups: 1) Scientific explanation followed by teacher’s testimony, 2) teacher’s testimony; 3) scientific explanation followed by mother’s testimony, 4) mother’s testimony. The children responded to a question about a scientific fact. After the response, they watched their mothers’ or teachers’ testimonies which contradict the scientific fact. Findings revealed that when a scientific explanation was not provided, the children tended to show deference to their teachers’ and especially mothers’ testimony. A week later, a follow-up measurement revealed that this impact did not last a week.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hüseyin Kotaman ◽  
Ergin Demirali

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of mothers’ and teachers’ testimonies that conflict with scientific facts and scientific explanations on kindergartners’ judgments. The participants consisted of 104 young children in Şanlıurfa province in Turkey. Their ages ranged from 48 to 79 months, with a mean age of 61.48 months (SD = 5.58). The participants were randomly assigned to the following four groups: 1) Scientific explanation followed by teacher’s testimony, 2) teacher’s testimony; 3) scientific explanation followed by mother’s testimony, 4) mother’s testimony. The children responded to a question about a scientific fact. After the response, they watched their mothers’ or teachers’ testimonies which contradict the scientific fact. Findings revealed that when a scientific explanation was not provided, the children tended to show deference to their teachers’ and especially mothers’ testimony. A week later, a follow-up measurement revealed that this impact did not last a week.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Rodriguez-Esteban

Information silos have been an oft-maligned feature of scientific research for introducing a bias towards knowledge that is produced within a scientist's own community. The vastness of the scientific literature has been commonly blamed for this phenomenon, despite recent improvements in information retrieval and text mining. Its actual negative impact on scientific progress, however, has never been quantified. This analysis attempts to do so by exploring its effects on biomedical discovery, particularly in the discovery of relations between diseases, genes and chemical compounds. Results indicate that the probability that two scientific facts will enable the discovery of a new fact depends on how far apart these two facts were published within the scientific landscape. In particular, the probability decreases exponentially with the citation distance. Thus, the direction of scientific progress is distorted based on the location in which each scientific fact is published, representing a path-dependent bias in which originally closely-located discoveries drive the sequence of future discoveries. To counter this bias, scientists should open the scope of their scientific work with modern computational approaches.


Author(s):  
Olexander Klekovkin

The object of the article is to identify the challenges that art history has faced over several decades. It doesn’t imply solving the problems, it means defining them in order to draw the attention of art history to its own problems — in terms of its purpose and objectives, as well as the nature of the facts, which this cultural practice operates and creates. The analysis is based on the ideas of L. Wittgenstein, R. Dawkins, A. Mesudi, M. Kareev and the principles of active analysis. The questions the author tried to answer are questions of the meanings of today’s culture, the place of art history in it, the role of art history in art production, the strategy of art history and their connection with the special nature of scientific fact.


2021 ◽  
Vol LII (3) ◽  
pp. 70-75
Author(s):  
Elena N. Davtian ◽  
Stepan E. Davtian ◽  
Elena V. Uryson

The paper shows correlation of empirical and theoretical levels of knowledge in psychiatry by analyzing a single text written by a patient. The patients text is analyzed three times. The first analysis performed by a linguist demonstrates how informative for a clinician can be an attentive attitude to the patients Word. The second analysis is a standard procedure for psychiatric phenomenological diagnostics. It is shown that the formulation of a clinical diagnosis from epistemological positions is equivalent to establishing a scientific fact (completion of empirical research): there is no theoretical modeling of pathological processes in psychiatry today; it all ends at the stage of recognizing the symptoms, without any attempt to understand them. The third analysis demonstrates the advantages in understanding pathological mechanisms provided by the explanatory model (interpretation of the text from the perspective of the bipersonal model of personality).


Author(s):  
Markus Spöhrer

This chapter examines the translations and (de)stabilizations of the cochlear implant, a subcutaneous prosthesis that is subject to ethical and judicial controversies. By looking at medical, social, and scientific contexts, the CI will be described as a technical object ascribed with certain attributes providing technical stability in those contexts that treat it and practice it as a scientific fact, a “technical thing.” Scientific communities stabilize technical things by rigorously excluding attributes of the “social.” However, the CI is designed to enable participation, to “gap” the supposed “disability” of not being able to hear, attributing a certain instability to it. The chapter will theoretically and methodologically approach such processes of (de)stabilization and transformation by making use of ANT and Hans-Jörg Rheinbergers concept of technical and epistemic things. This will be illustrated by analyzing certain discourses used as illustrations for the successful communication between implanted children and their parents in practical guides for parents with deaf children.


2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-120
Author(s):  
Alexa Winstanley-Smith

The resurgence of fascism has quickly become an unavoidable fact of the Western world. Perhaps it comes as no surprise to today’s inheritors of cultural studies and critical theory that astrology has made its own comeback; however, it has made its comeback with a difference. The vanguard of today’s astrological movement is led by the queer Left. Uprooted from its role as fate’s theological handmaiden for mounting figures of authority and apparently removed from the (implicitly heterosexual) reproductive model of a mainstream “culture industry,” queer astrology has come to the fore as an antitraditionalist, anticonservative mode of rethinking human biography in community. The queer astrological model of self-understanding and self-analysis has potential: it is not held in thrall to the perpetually outmoded biological paradigms of scientific “fact,” nor does it require cleaving to secularized but still-fraught figures for the self such as the “martyr,” the “saint,” or the “heretic.” Queer astrology unquestionably breaks the fearful mold beheld by critics like Aby Warburg and Theodor Adorno. But is it political? And if it is, how so? What are its potentials? How do we construe a queer astrological politics that is capable of mounting more than a therapeutic alternative to tradition — one that can play an activist role in a political scene that has already donned the kitsch comb-over of that tabloid credential to which tawdry horoscopes once made their claims?


Idei ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 18-28
Author(s):  
Олег Шепетяк ◽  
Оксана Шепетяк

Ludwik Fleck is a philosopher, biologist and physician who had a decisive influence on Thomas Kuhn. The research is dedicated to a publication of the Ukrainian translation of the Fleck’smain work “Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact” by Stefania Ptashnyk. The article deals with the scientific formation of Fleck, describes what happened to his philosophical achievements after his death and the outbreak of his popularity. The article presents the content of all Fleck’s works on philosophy, which are divided into three periods: preparatory, major and post-war. The main emphasis is on the formation of the key concepts of Fleck’s philosophy: “thought style” and “thought collective”.


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