scholarly journals The speed of information propagation in the scientific network distorts biomedical research

PeerJ ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. e12764
Author(s):  
Raul Rodriguez-Esteban
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Scientific Fact ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
Scientific Facts ◽  
Do So

Delays in the propagation of scientific discoveries across scientific communities have been an oft-maligned feature of scientific research for introducing a bias towards knowledge that is produced within a scientist’s closest community. The vastness of the scientific literature has been commonly blamed for this phenomenon, despite recent improvements in information retrieval and text mining. Its actual negative impact on scientific progress, however, has never been quantified. This analysis attempts to do so by exploring its effects on biomedical discovery, particularly in the discovery of relations between diseases, genes and chemical compounds. Results indicate that the probability that two scientific facts will enable the discovery of a new fact depends on how far apart these two facts were originally within the scientific landscape. In particular, the probability decreases exponentially with the citation distance. Thus, the direction of scientific progress is distorted based on the location in which each scientific fact is published, representing a path-dependent bias in which originally closely-located discoveries drive the sequence of future discoveries. To counter this bias, scientists should open the scope of their scientific work with modern information retrieval and extraction approaches.

scholarly journals Information silos distort biomedical research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Rodriguez-Esteban
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Computational Approaches ◽  
Scientific Fact ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
Scientific Facts ◽  
Do So

Information silos have been an oft-maligned feature of scientific research for introducing a bias towards knowledge that is produced within a scientist's own community. The vastness of the scientific literature has been commonly blamed for this phenomenon, despite recent improvements in information retrieval and text mining. Its actual negative impact on scientific progress, however, has never been quantified. This analysis attempts to do so by exploring its effects on biomedical discovery, particularly in the discovery of relations between diseases, genes and chemical compounds. Results indicate that the probability that two scientific facts will enable the discovery of a new fact depends on how far apart these two facts were published within the scientific landscape. In particular, the probability decreases exponentially with the citation distance. Thus, the direction of scientific progress is distorted based on the location in which each scientific fact is published, representing a path-dependent bias in which originally closely-located discoveries drive the sequence of future discoveries. To counter this bias, scientists should open the scope of their scientific work with modern computational approaches.

scholarly journals Conditions of research work of teachers of Departments of History of Pedagogical Institutes of Ukraine in the first postwar years (the second half of the 1940s - the beginning of the 1950s. xx century)

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Bugrii
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
History Of

On the basis of archival sources material, financial and household factors are characterized. They formed the conditions for the research work of teachers of the departments of history of pedagogical institutes of Ukraine. The state of providing the scientific literature of historical offices and libraries is revealed. It was found that the proper conditions for work in the history rooms and libraries of pedagogical institutes were created only at the Kyiv Pedagogical Institute. In provincial pedagogical institutes, the situation with the scientific literature seemed much worse. To overcome the problems with the scientific literature, the state began to allocate some funds for the purchase of domestic and foreign publications. The level of funding for scientific activities has been clarified. It is established that the focus of attention of the Directorate of the Pedagogical Institutes of Ukraine was primarily the educational process and work on the restoration of the destroyed material base. Funds for business trips were not enough. Funds were not enough even to secure approved research plans. The reasons which influenced the budget of time of scientific work of teachers-historians were determined. The major impediments to the scientific work of the teachers of the departments of the history of pedagogical institutes were their heavy workload of teaching and community work. Typographic possibilities for printing the results of scientific work are investigated. Most pedagogical institutes were found to lack their own printing facilities. Delay with the printing of monographs, articles, abstracts meant the transfer of dissertations to a later date. The pathetic material status of teachers of pedagogical institutes also had a negative impact on scientific activity. There were no laboratories for the study of history, archeology, and ethnography in pedagogical institutes. This reduced the level of research and prevented the strengthening of the material base. The departments of history of pedagogical institutes and self-calculated researches were not conducted. The conducted research helps to form an understanding of the conditions of development of historical science in pedagogical institutes.

Produktiver Schein

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-24
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Alloa
Keyword(s):  
Gaston Bachelard ◽  
Intrinsic Connection ◽  
Scientific Fact ◽  
Scientific Facts ◽  
Epistemological Realism

Der Begriff der Phänomenotechnik, den Gaston Bachelard in den 1930er Jahren einführte, erfreut sich in der neueren Wissenschaftsforschung großer Beliebtheit, welche damit auf die technische und sozial vermittelte Dimension wissenschaftlicher Tatsachen hinweist. Im Zuge der allgegenwärtigen Rückkehr zu ›realistischen‹ Wirklichkeitsauffassungen wurde das Konzept der Phänomenotechnik mehrheitlich als ›konstruktivisches‹ Relikt verworfen. Der Beitrag schlägt eine alternative Lesart des Konzepts vor, in der es anstelle der These von der Konstruiertheit aller wissenschaftlicher Tatsachen um die spezifische Verbindung von Phänomenalität und Technizität geht: Was heißt es, davon auszugehen, dass dasjenige, was erscheint, nicht einfach gegeben ist, sondern immer erst zur Sichtbarkeit gebracht werden muss? Anstelle einer Technikauffassung, die Technik bloß auf Entlastung und auf die Fähigkeit des ›Übersehens‹ zurückführt (›Anästhesie‹ des Mediums), wird für eine Technikauffassung plädiert, die der eigentümlich hervorbringenden, aisthetisierenden Leistung des Technischen Rechnung trägt. Abschließend werden die Parameter einer noch zu schreibenden ›Techno-Ästhetik‹ benannt. <br><br>The notion of ‘phenomenotechnique’ which Gaston Bachelard introduced in the 1930’s has enjoyed popularity among historians of science who used it in order to insist upon the technical and social mediateness of scientific facts. In the wake of the current triumphal return to epistemological ‘realism,’ the idea of phenomenotechnique has been dismissed as an alleged relic of ‘constructivism.’ The article advocates for a different reading of ‘phenomenotechnique,’ which, rather than insisting on the fabrication of the scientific fact, highlights the intrinsic connection of phenomenality and technicality. Phenomena are not simply given, they must be brought to visibility. While philosophies of technique have mostly stressed that technicity consists in overlooking the process (the ‘anesthesia’ of the medium), the paper argues for a conception of technicity that makes space for its productive, aestheticizing capacity. Finally, the article gestures towards parameters of what a ‘techno-aesthetics’ could look like.

scholarly journals How to write an article: Preparing a publishable manuscript!

CytoJournal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinod B. Shidham ◽  
Martha B. Pitman ◽  
Richard M. DeMay
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Open Platform ◽  
Track Record ◽  
Do It Yourself ◽  
Personal Success ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Open Access Article

Most of the scientific work presented as abstracts (platforms and posters) at various conferences have the potential to be published as articles in peer-reviewed journals. This DIY (Do It Yourself) article on how to achieve that goal is an extension of the symposium presented at the 36th European Congress of Cytology, Istanbul, Turkey (presentation available on net at http://alturl.com/q6bfp). The criteria for manuscript authorship should be based on the ICMJE (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors) Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts. The next step is to choose the appropriate journal to submit the manuscript and review the ‘Instructions to the authors’ for that journal. Although initially it may appear to be an insurmountable task, diligent organizational discipline with a little patience and perseverance with input from mentors should lead to the preparation of a nearly perfect publishable manuscript even by a novice. Ultimately, the published article is an excellent track record of academic productivity with contribution to the general public good by encouraging the exchange of experience and innovation. It is a highly rewarding conduit to the personal success and growth leading to the collective achievement of continued scientific progress. Recent emergences of journals and publishers offering the platform and opportunity to publish under an open access charter provides the opportunity for authors to protect their copyright from being lost to conventional publishers. Publishing your work on this open platform is the most rewarding mission and is the recommended option in the current modern era. [This open access article can be linked (copy-paste link from HTML version of this article) or reproduced FREELY if original reference details are prominently identifiable].

A Relational Theory of Reputational Stability and Change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasiya Zavyalova ◽  
Jonathan Bundy ◽  
Stephen E. Humphrey
Keyword(s):  
Relational Theory ◽  
Organizational Studies ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Organizational Reputation ◽  
Central Elements ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Indirect Information ◽  
Level Of Agreement ◽  
Do So

An ongoing discussion in organizational studies has focused on the path-dependent nature of organizational reputation. To date, however, there has been little explanation about when and why some constituents’ reputation judgments remain stable, whereas others are more prone to change. We contribute to this research by developing a relational theory of reputational stability and change. Our fundamental argument is that differences in constituent-organization relationships, as well as in the reputational communities that surround these relationships, affect the stability and change of reputation judgments. First, we highlight three relationship characteristics—favorability, history, and directness—and theorize that the reputation judgments of constituents with more unfavorable, longer, and more direct relationships with an organization are more stable, whereas the reputation judgments of constituents with more favorable, shorter, and more indirect relationships with the organization are less stable. We then develop the concept of reputational communities as a key source of indirect information about organizations. We highlight that the immediacy, size, and level of agreement within reputational communities affect how influential they are in changing individual constituents’ reputation judgments. Specifically, we propose that more immediate and larger reputational communities with a higher level of agreement are most likely to change individual constituents’ reputation judgments, whereas more distant and smaller reputational communities with a lower level of agreement are least likely to do so. Overall, we position constituents’ relationships with an organization and the communities that surround these relationships as central elements for understanding reputational stability and change.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF CHANGES IN HYDROLOGICAL REGULATION ECOSYSTEM SERVICE FROM THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF UNAUTHORIZED MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILLS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Kobzar
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Landfills ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Solid Waste Landfills

The problem of the formation of unauthorized municipal solid waste landfills is very urgent in the world. Municipal solid waste landfills affect the state of ecosystem assets of territorial communities and, accordingly, the flow of ecosystem services. The economic assessment of qualitative and quantitative changes of ecosystem services as a result of the negative impact of unauthorized landfills is a basic element of an effective policy in the field of municipal solid waste management. One of the ecosystem services, the assessment of which is given a lot of attention in the scientific literature is the hydrological regulation ecosystem service. The aim of the research is the economic assessment of changes in hydrological regulation ecosystem service from the negative impact of unauthorized municipal solid waste landfills. In the scientific literature, the economic assessment of hydrological regulation ecosystem service is considered as a function of the increase in the river or underground runoff and the cost of water. It is proposed to calculate the economic assessment of changes in hydrological regulation ecosystem service from the negative impact of unauthorized municipal solid waste landfills as a function of: the magnitude of the change in groundwater flow in the summer from the negative impact of unauthorized municipal solid waste landfill; tax rates for water abstraction from an underground source; landfill area; the coefficient of changes in the structure of the ecosystem within the landfill (destruction of vegetation cover); the area of impact of the landfill (outside the landfill) on the ecosystem; coefficient of change in the area of impact of the landfill. Changes in the hydrological regulation ecosystem service from the negative impact of unauthorized municipal solid waste landfills on the territory of the Korostyshevskaya territorial community of the Zhytomyr region have calculated. The main problems of assessing changes in hydrological regulation ecosystem service from the negative impact of unauthorized municipal solid waste landfills are identified: obtaining reliable and complete factual information about changes in underground runoff and the characteristics of the ecosystem from the negative impact of unauthorized municipal solid waste landfills within the landfill and the zone of its influence. Due to the insignificant value of the cost of changing the hydrological regulation ecosystem service, it was concluded that it is inexpedient to take it into account when making managerial decisions about small and low-power unauthorized municipal solid waste landfills.

scholarly journals A Proposed Hypothesis on Dementia: Inflammation, Small Vessel Disease, and Hypoperfusion Is the Sequence That Links All Harmful Lifestyles to Cognitive Impairment

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine M. Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cerebral Perfusion ◽  
Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Small Vessel ◽  
Vessel Disease ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Do So

There is growing consensus that certain lifestyles can contribute to cognitive impairment and dementia, but the physiological steps that link a harmful lifestyle to its negative impact are not always evident. It is also unclear whether all lifestyles that contribute to dementia do so through the same intermediary steps. This article will focus on three lifestyles known to be risk factors for dementia, namely obesity, sedentary behavior, and insufficient sleep, and offer a unifying hypothesis proposing that lifestyles that negatively impact cognition do so through the same sequence of events: inflammation, small vessel disease, decline in cerebral perfusion, and brain atrophy. The hypothesis will then be tested in a recently identified risk factor for dementia, namely hearing deficit. If further studies confirm this sequence of events leading to dementia, a significant change in our approach to this debilitating and costly condition may be necessary, possible, and beneficial.

scholarly journals Atheists

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah R. Schiavone ◽  
Will M Gervais
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Cultural Learning ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Cultural Origins ◽  
Made In ◽  
Do So

Atheists represent an inconspicuous minority, identifiable only by their disbelief in God(s). Despite being highly stigmatized and disliked, until recent scientific endeavors, little has been known about this group including why they don’t believe, how many people are atheists, and why they trigger intense reactions. Thus, this paper aims to synthesize what is known about atheists (so far), and to help explain the widespread negative attitudes and prejudice towards atheists; the possible cognitive, motivational, and cultural origins of disbelief; and the unique challenges facing the study of religious disbelievers. To do so, we will explore current findings in psychological research on atheism by considering the complex interactions of cultural learning, motivations, and core cognitive processes. Although significant scientific progress has been made in understanding the factors underlying atheism, there remains much to be explored in the domain of religious disbelief.

scholarly journals IS HAVING A HELICOPTER MOTHER A TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCE? THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HELICOPTER MOTHER ATTITUDE AND TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES AND LEARNED HELPLESSNESS

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Yılmaz ◽  
Coşkun Arslan ◽  
Emel Arslan
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Learned Helplessness ◽  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Scientific Fact ◽  
Scientific Facts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of mothers’ and teachers’ testimonies that conflict with scientific facts and scientific explanations on kindergartners’ judgments. The participants consisted of 104 young children in Şanlıurfa province in Turkey. Their ages ranged from 48 to 79 months, with a mean age of 61.48 months (SD = 5.58). The participants were randomly assigned to the following four groups: 1) Scientific explanation followed by teacher’s testimony, 2) teacher’s testimony; 3) scientific explanation followed by mother’s testimony, 4) mother’s testimony. The children responded to a question about a scientific fact. After the response, they watched their mothers’ or teachers’ testimonies which contradict the scientific fact. Findings revealed that when a scientific explanation was not provided, the children tended to show deference to their teachers’ and especially mothers’ testimony. A week later, a follow-up measurement revealed that this impact did not last a week.

scholarly journals The Validation of Digital Analysis Tool-Assisted Real-World Inquiry (Digita-RI) as a Modification of the Inquiry-Based Learning Model in the Digital Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-399
Author(s):  
S. Nurohman ◽  
W. Sunarno ◽  
S. Sarwanto ◽  
S. Yamtinah
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Digital Analysis ◽  
Inquiry Based Learning ◽  
Real World Learning ◽  
Feasibility Test ◽  
Scientific Facts

Inquiry-based learning has been tested to improve conceptual understanding, reduce misconceptions, and provide students with experiences in scientific work. However, in its implementation, inquiry-based learning is often faced with scientific facts from the real world with data which hard to analyze using traditional methods. Therefore, a breakthrough is needed to overcome the weaknesses of inquiry-based learning by integrating digital analysis tools and the concept of real-world learning. This integration produces a new learning model, the Digital Analysis Tool-Assisted Real-World Inquiry (Digita-RI). This study aims to test the feasibility and practicality of the Digita-RI learning model. This Research and Development (R&D) use the steps proposed by Barg and Gall. The feasibility test of the Digita-RI model was carried out through the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) method and the assessment of the Digita-RI model book involving seven experts. The practicality test was carried out through the Think Aloud Protocol (TAP), and the assessment of the Digita-RI model guidebook involved five practitioner lecturers and six students. The results of expert, practitioner, and user assessments were analyzed using the Aiken coefficient (Aiken’s V). The results showed that Digita-RI is a feasible and practical learning model. Therefore, it can be concluded that Digita-RI has the feasibility and practicality to be used in science learning in the classroom.

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