The Communication Infrastructures of Living Systems and the Universe: Analysis from the Perspective of Antenna Theory

It is still unknown how molecules coordinate their activity and operate at high speeds in the crowded environment of a cell. The study focuses on the geometry of biomolecules, assuming B-DNA, α-helix, β-strand, water molecules, and chemical bonds, including hydrogen bonds, as various types of antennas. The analysis demonstrates that living systems have highly sophisticated wireless and wired communication infrastructures for regulating and coordinating molecular activities, revealing why water is essential for molecular dynamics and indicating how we evolved. The study also includes a few equations linking antenna fields with Einstein’s general relativity, Kepler’s law of planetary motion, and Newton’s law of gravitation, which divides the gravitational field into antenna field zones and clarifies many astronomical facts. The findings, furthermore, suggest that the gravitational field is the antenna field of astronomical objects; and that nature's antennas, such as molecules and astronomical objects, communicate via gravitational waves. We hope that the study, which uses a classical approach to explain the facts of living systems and the Universe, will find applications in biology, astronomy, communication engineering, and other areas of science.

The Communication Infrastructures of Living Systems and the Universe: Analysis from the Perspective of Antenna Theory

It is still unknown how molecules coordinate their activity and operate at high speeds in the crowded environment of a cell. The study focuses on the geometry of biomolecules, assuming B-DNA, α-helix, β-strand, water molecules, and chemical bonds, including hydrogen bonds, as various types of antennas. The analysis demonstrates that living systems have highly sophisticated wireless and wired communication infrastructures for regulating and coordinating molecular activities, revealing why water is essential for molecular dynamics and indicating how we evolved. The study also includes a few equations linking antenna fields with Einstein’s general relativity, Kepler’s law of planetary motion, and Newton’s law of gravitation, which divides the gravitational field into antenna field zones and clarifies many astronomical facts. The findings, furthermore, suggest that the gravitational field is the antenna field of astronomical objects; and that nature's antennas, such as molecules and astronomical objects, communicate via gravitational waves. We hope that the study, which uses a classical approach to explain the facts of living systems and the Universe, will find applications in biology, astronomy, communication engineering, and other areas of science.

Fundamental Spacetime Representations of Quantum Antenna Systems

We develop foundations for the emerging field of quantum antennas using relativistic quantum field theory. We show that the concept of "antenna" goes beyond electromagnetic waves. Any quantum radiation can be treated within quantum antenna theory, not only electromagnetic or acoustic radiation that dominated the field so far.

Fundamental Spacetime Representations of Quantum Antenna Systems

We develop foundations for the emerging field of quantum antennas using relativistic quantum field theory. We show that the concept of "antenna" goes beyond electromagnetic waves. Any quantum radiation can be treated within quantum antenna theory, not only electromagnetic or acoustic radiation that dominated the field so far.

Performance evaluation and design of 5G communication-based millimeter wave antenna

Multiple categories of electronic devices have been introduced recently in response to the demands and developments in the industry. Around 5.19 billion telecom services subscribers today have a significant effect on the allocation and utilization of bandwidth, and hence, there is extensive need to use higher-frequency bands, e.g., mm band to achieve the required quality of service since there is extensive need to shift the paradigm to the next generation. For 5G networks, antenna structuring and designing is an integral part of the communication system. In antenna theory, improving antenna gain is important to attain isotropic antenna, antenna gain can be improved by the controlled behavior of frequencies, beam forming and choosing the right antenna fabric. Through antenna design using different substrates thickness, the propagation losses are examined in order to determine the variation with radiation characteristics. In this way, the examination of the 5G mm-wave spectrum with comparative analysis of input impedance, gain and radiation efficiency is shown through mathematical modeling. Using this approach, the antenna efficiency is improved by up to 20% with increase in substrate thickness. Different antenna arrays have been designed for effective improvement in reflection coefficients. The results are obtained using simulation of antenna in CST and high-frequency structure simulator.

Utilization of Both Odd and Even Modes for Multi-band Dipole Antenna

<p>Dipole antenna is the simplest type of antenna from the theoretical point of view. However, the majority of the research on it focuses on adding supplementary structures for producing more resonant modes to achieve more functions. Here, we focus on the inherent modes of the dipole itself. The dipole antenna has alternating odd and even modes. In classical antenna theory, only odd modes are excited. The even modes are difficult to be excited due to their very high input impedances. In this paper, both odd and even modes of the dipole antenna are excited simultaneously by a single port with a novel feeding structure. Moreover, in order to tune the resonant frequencies of such multiple modes, a method by combining antithetical structures of indentations and outdentations is proposed and intuitively explained by eigencurrent distribution. By these new techniques, all the first six modes of the dipole antenna are excited, among which five modes are utilized for IoT applications. The antenna could cover ISM bands of 868 MHz and 2450 MHz, GNSS band of 1575 MHz, and 5G bands of 3500 MHz and 4900 MHz. This research could broaden the application of this classic antenna.<br></p>

Utilization of Both Odd and Even Modes for Multi-band Dipole Antenna

<p>Dipole antenna is the simplest type of antenna from the theoretical point of view. However, the majority of the research on it focuses on adding supplementary structures for producing more resonant modes to achieve more functions. Here, we focus on the inherent modes of the dipole itself. The dipole antenna has alternating odd and even modes. In classical antenna theory, only odd modes are excited. The even modes are difficult to be excited due to their very high input impedances. In this paper, both odd and even modes of the dipole antenna are excited simultaneously by a single port with a novel feeding structure. Moreover, in order to tune the resonant frequencies of such multiple modes, a method by combining antithetical structures of indentations and outdentations is proposed and intuitively explained by eigencurrent distribution. By these new techniques, all the first six modes of the dipole antenna are excited, among which five modes are utilized for IoT applications. The antenna could cover ISM bands of 868 MHz and 2450 MHz, GNSS band of 1575 MHz, and 5G bands of 3500 MHz and 4900 MHz. This research could broaden the application of this classic antenna.<br></p>

A new method to generate superoscillating functions and supershifts

Superoscillations are band-limited functions that can oscillate faster than their fastest Fourier component. These functions (or sequences) appear in weak values in quantum mechanics and in many fields of science and technology such as optics, signal processing and antenna theory. In this paper, we introduce a new method to generate superoscillatory functions that allows us to construct explicitly a very large class of superoscillatory functions.

Novel Broadband Slot-Spiral Antenna for Terahertz Applications

We report a novel broadband slot-spiral antenna that can be integrated with high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) terahertz (THz) detectors. The effect of various antenna parameters on the transmission efficiency of the slot-spiral structure at 150–450 GHz is investigated systematically. The performances of the slot-spiral antenna and the spiral antenna both integrated with HEMTs are compared. The results show that the slot-spiral structure has a better transmission and miniaturization capability than the spiral structure. A formula for the responsivity is derived based on the transmission line principle and antenna theory, and results show that the detector responsivity is correlated with the antenna absorptivity. Additionally, guidelines for HEMT THz detector design are proposed. The results of this study indicate the excellent application prospects of the slot-spiral antenna in THz detection and imaging.