scholarly journals The Communication Infrastructures of Living Systems and the Universe: Analysis from the Perspective of Antenna Theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirsendu Sekhar Ray ◽  
Bitop Maitra
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Planetary Motion ◽  
Antenna Theory ◽  
High Speeds ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Α Helix ◽  
Wired Communication ◽  
Antenna Field ◽  
The Universe

It is still unknown how molecules coordinate their activity and operate at high speeds in the crowded environment of a cell. The study focuses on the geometry of biomolecules, assuming B-DNA, α-helix, β-strand, water molecules, and chemical bonds, including hydrogen bonds, as various types of antennas. The analysis demonstrates that living systems have highly sophisticated wireless and wired communication infrastructures for regulating and coordinating molecular activities, revealing why water is essential for molecular dynamics and indicating how we evolved. The study also includes a few equations linking antenna fields with Einstein’s general relativity, Kepler’s law of planetary motion, and Newton’s law of gravitation, which divides the gravitational field into antenna field zones and clarifies many astronomical facts. The findings, furthermore, suggest that the gravitational field is the antenna field of astronomical objects; and that nature's antennas, such as molecules and astronomical objects, communicate via gravitational waves. We hope that the study, which uses a classical approach to explain the facts of living systems and the Universe, will find applications in biology, astronomy, communication engineering, and other areas of science.

scholarly journals The Communication Infrastructures of Living Systems and the Universe: Analysis from the Perspective of Antenna Theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirsendu Sekhar Ray ◽  
Bitop Maitra
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Planetary Motion ◽  
Antenna Theory ◽  
High Speeds ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Α Helix ◽  
Wired Communication ◽  
Antenna Field ◽  
The Universe

It is still unknown how molecules coordinate their activity and operate at high speeds in the crowded environment of a cell. The study focuses on the geometry of biomolecules, assuming B-DNA, α-helix, β-strand, water molecules, and chemical bonds, including hydrogen bonds, as various types of antennas. The analysis demonstrates that living systems have highly sophisticated wireless and wired communication infrastructures for regulating and coordinating molecular activities, revealing why water is essential for molecular dynamics and indicating how we evolved. The study also includes a few equations linking antenna fields with Einstein’s general relativity, Kepler’s law of planetary motion, and Newton’s law of gravitation, which divides the gravitational field into antenna field zones and clarifies many astronomical facts. The findings, furthermore, suggest that the gravitational field is the antenna field of astronomical objects; and that nature's antennas, such as molecules and astronomical objects, communicate via gravitational waves. We hope that the study, which uses a classical approach to explain the facts of living systems and the Universe, will find applications in biology, astronomy, communication engineering, and other areas of science.

scholarly journals NEUTRINO COUPLING TO COSMOLOGICAL BACKGROUND: A REVIEW ON GRAVITATIONAL BARYO/LEPTOGENESIS

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1330030 ◽  
Author(s):  
GAETANO LAMBIASE ◽  
SUBHENDRA MOHANTY ◽  
ARAGAM R. PRASANNA
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Lepton Number ◽  
Cpt Symmetry ◽  
Cosmological Background ◽  
The Universe ◽  
General Conditions ◽  
Lepton Number Violating

In this paper, we review the theories of origin of matter–antimatter asymmetry in the universe. The general conditions for achieving baryogenesis and leptogenesis in a CPT conserving field theory have been laid down by Sakharov. In this review, we discuss scenarios where a background scalar or gravitational field spontaneously breaks the CPT symmetry and splits the energy levels between particles and antiparticles. Baryon or Lepton number violating processes in proceeding at thermal equilibrium in such backgrounds gives rise to Baryon or Lepton number asymmetry.

scholarly journals Foundations of a Theory of Gravity with a Constraint and Its Canonical Quantization

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Sobolev
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Canonical Quantization ◽  
Entropy Density ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Physical Point ◽  
Theory Of Gravity ◽  
The Universe

AbstractThe gravitational equations were derived in general relativity (GR) using the assumption of their covariance relative to arbitrary transformations of coordinates. It has been repeatedly expressed an opinion over the past century that such equality of all coordinate systems may not correspond to reality. Nevertheless, no actual verification of the necessity of this assumption has been made to date. The paper proposes a theory of gravity with a constraint, the degenerate variants of which are general relativity (GR) and the unimodular theory of gravity. This constraint is interpreted from a physical point of view as a sufficient condition for the adiabaticity of the process of the evolution of the space–time metric. The original equations of the theory of gravity with the constraint are formulated. On this basis, a unified model of the evolution of the modern, early, and very early Universe is constructed that is consistent with the observational astronomical data but does not require the hypotheses of the existence of dark energy, dark matter or inflatons. It is claimed that: physical time is anisotropic, the gravitational field is the main source of energy of the Universe, the maximum global energy density in the Universe was 64 orders of magnitude smaller the Planckian one, and the entropy density is 18 orders of magnitude higher the value predicted by GR. The value of the relative density of neutrinos at the present time and the maximum temperature of matter in the early Universe are calculated. The wave equation of the gravitational field is formulated, its solution is found, and the nonstationary wave function of the very early Universe is constructed. It is shown that the birth of the Universe was random.

scholarly journals New mechanism for the cosmological red-shift explaining: non-observation of dark energy, large-number- coincidence and the cosmic coincidence

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Hasmukh K. Tank
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Gravitational Potential ◽  
Red Shift ◽  
Relativity Theory ◽  
Gravitational Potential Energy ◽  
Potential Well ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Equivalent Mass ◽  
The Universe

<p>Accepting Einstein’s General Relativity Theory, that the changes in the gravitational field can propagate at the speed of light, it is proposed here that: before an electron in an atom emits a photon, the energy (<em>h f<sub>0</sub></em>) of the photon was a part of total energy of the atom; contributing to establish the gravitational-field around the atom. As soon as an electron in that atom emits a photon of energy <em>h f<sub>0</sub></em>, and the photon starts moving away from the atom, the gravitational-field around the atom partly reduces, proportional to the photon’s energy <em>h f<sub>0</sub></em>, and this wave of ‘reduced gravitational field’ propagates radially-outwards at the speed of light. And a part of energy of the photon gets spent in “filling” the ‘gravitational potential-well’ produced by its energy, when it was a part of energy of the atom. From the derivation presented here we find that the energy spent by the photon to “fill” the ‘gravitational potential-well’, during its inter-galactic journey manifests as the ‘cosmological red-shift’. And the so called ‘total-mass-of-the-universe'’ and ‘radius-of-the-universe'’ are just mathematically-equivalent mass and distance arising while converting electrostatic potential-energy into gravitational potential-energy. This is the reason why we find the large-number-coincidence (LNC). And since there is no expansion of the universe, there is no ‘cosmic coincidence’, that why only in this epoch we find the ‘large-number-coincidence’!</p>

NONLINEAR EVOLUTION OF COSMIC BARYON FLUID

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 120-130
Author(s):  
LI-ZHI FANG
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Velocity Field ◽  
Nonlinear Evolution ◽  
Statistical Properties ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Baryonic Matter ◽  
Developed Turbulence ◽  
Highly Nonlinear ◽  
The Universe

Although the gravitational field in the universe is dominated by dark matter, observations show that the statistical properties of cosmic baryonic matter are significantly and systematically decoupled from that of the underlying dark matter. This is because the cosmic baryon fluid in highly nonlinear regime is in a state of fully developed turbulence, of which the velocity field consists of shocks, vortices and complex structures. This scenario provides a coherent explanation of various phenomena referring to the decoupling of the IGM from dark matter, including the log-Poisson non-Gaussianity of Ly-alpha transmitted flux fluctuations; turbulent broadening; abnormal scaling; baryon missing in halos etc.

scholarly journals VELOCITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMORDIAL NEUTRINOS

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 2171-2187 ◽  
Author(s):  
JORGE ALFARO ◽  
PABLO GONZÁLEZ
Keyword(s):  
Neutrino Mass ◽  
Current Velocity ◽  
Lorentz Invariance ◽  
Lorentz Violation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Planetary Motion ◽  
Dipolar Moment ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

The cosmic neutrinos background (CNB) comprises primordial neutrinos that were decoupled when the Universe was very young. Its detection is complicated, especially if we take into account neutrino mass and a possible breaking of Lorentz invariance at high energy, but has a fundamental relevance to studying the Big Bang. In this paper, we will see that a Lorentz violation does not produce important modification, but the mass does. We will show how the neutrino current velocity, with respect to the comobile system of the universe expansion, is of the order of 1065 km/s, much less than the velocity of light. Besides, we will see that the neutrino distribution is complex due to planetary motion. This prediction differs totally from the usual massless case, where we would get a correction similar to the dipolar moment of the CMB.

scholarly journals SUPERHEAVY PARTICLES IN FRIEDMANN COSMOLOGY AND THE DARK MATTER PROBLEM

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 433-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. GRIB ◽  
YU. V. PAVLOV
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Particle Creation ◽  
Baryon Number ◽  
Matter Density ◽  
Friedmann Model ◽  
Dark Matter Density ◽  
The Universe

The model of creation of observable particles and particles of the dark matter, considered to be superheavy particles, due to particle creation by the gravitational field of the Friedmann model of the early Universe is given. Estimates on the parameters of the model leading to observable values of the baryon number of the Universe and the dark matter density are made.

Intermolecular Study of Adansonia Digitata (AnD) Binary Liquid Mixture

2014 ◽  
Vol 348 ◽  
pp. 226-231
Author(s):  
Sushil Phadke ◽  
Suneel Kumar Ujle ◽  
Bhaktdarshan Shrivastava ◽  
Ashutosh Mishra ◽  
Nagesh Dagaonkar
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Intermolecular Forces ◽  
Direct Measure ◽  
Adansonia Digitata ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Dynamic Quantity ◽  
Enthalpy And Entropy ◽  
The Universe

The resistance of a liquid to flow and the molecules of a liquid exhibit intermolecular attraction for each another and are called its viscosity and surface tension. Surface tension is measured as the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a unit of area. Viscosity is governed by the strength of intermolecular forces and especially by the shapes of the molecules of a liquid. The surface tension of a liquid results from an imbalance of intermolecular attractive forces, the cohesive forces between molecules. The change in free energy during a reaction, it is a direct measure of the amount disorder that is created in the universe when the reaction occurs. A thermo-dynamic quantity combining enthalpy and entropy into a single value is called the Gibbs free energy ΔG. The value of ΔG for a reaction is a direct measure of how far the reaction is from equilibrium. The large negative value for ATP hydrolysis in a cell merely reflects the fact that cells keep the ATP hydrolysis reaction as much as 10 orders of magnitude away from the equilibrium. The change of free energy is equal to the sum of its enthalpy plus the product of the temperature and entropy of the system. The characteristic time for a system to reach an equilibrium condition after a disturbance is called relaxation time.Adansonia Digitata(AnD) fruit collected from Mandav District Dhar (M.P.). The entire chemical used in this study analytical grade.

scholarly journals The Constant of the Universe Expansion Acceleration ΓH, the Einstein Variation of c and Parameters VH, Ω, Ʌ and ɣ

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
J. G. Lartigue
Keyword(s):  
Dark Energy ◽  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Additional Condition ◽  
Expansion Velocity ◽  
Gravitational Acceleration ◽  
Universe Expansion ◽  
Physical Universe ◽  
C Value ◽  
Space Expansion ◽  
The Universe

The Hubble-Lemaitre equation v=H∙r &nbsp;(cm∙s-1) represented a linear function of the radial Space expansion velocity, if H would be a constant. Sometimes it has been assumed as H = 1/t, which sends back to the classical v = r/t. However, the later discovered acceleration required the additional condition for H to be, also, a function of time; or, opposed, the existence of a not yet defined dark energy. In a previous paper [1] it had been proposed a provisional expression for a constant Universe expansion acceleration as function of distance: &Gamma;= H2( cm∙s-2). Now, the substitution of r as a function of time, takes to five new equations of H, the Hubble velocity vH , the Hubble acceleration &Gamma;H and the positive Hubble potential VH of the Space. So the proposed Hubble functions for the Space: H, rH , vH, &Gamma;H and VH result higher than those in a gravitational field. All of these Hubble functions act in the total Space expansion though, into the Physical Universe, &Gamma;H is not perceived as it does, continuously, the opposed gravitational acceleration g. Otherwise, a revision is made of the Einstein equation for the c value as function of the gravitational potential &phi;. Additional proposals are made about the horizons definitions and parameters &Omega;, Ʌ and ɣ.

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