The Communication Infrastructures of Living Systems and the Universe: Analysis from the Perspective of Antenna Theory

It is still unknown how molecules coordinate their activity and operate at high speeds in the crowded environment of a cell. The study focuses on the geometry of biomolecules, assuming B-DNA, α-helix, β-strand, water molecules, and chemical bonds, including hydrogen bonds, as various types of antennas. The analysis demonstrates that living systems have highly sophisticated wireless and wired communication infrastructures for regulating and coordinating molecular activities, revealing why water is essential for molecular dynamics and indicating how we evolved. The study also includes a few equations linking antenna fields with Einstein’s general relativity, Kepler’s law of planetary motion, and Newton’s law of gravitation, which divides the gravitational field into antenna field zones and clarifies many astronomical facts. The findings, furthermore, suggest that the gravitational field is the antenna field of astronomical objects; and that nature's antennas, such as molecules and astronomical objects, communicate via gravitational waves. We hope that the study, which uses a classical approach to explain the facts of living systems and the Universe, will find applications in biology, astronomy, communication engineering, and other areas of science.

The Communication Infrastructures of Living Systems and the Universe: Analysis from the Perspective of Antenna Theory

It is still unknown how molecules coordinate their activity and operate at high speeds in the crowded environment of a cell. The study focuses on the geometry of biomolecules, assuming B-DNA, α-helix, β-strand, water molecules, and chemical bonds, including hydrogen bonds, as various types of antennas. The analysis demonstrates that living systems have highly sophisticated wireless and wired communication infrastructures for regulating and coordinating molecular activities, revealing why water is essential for molecular dynamics and indicating how we evolved. The study also includes a few equations linking antenna fields with Einstein’s general relativity, Kepler’s law of planetary motion, and Newton’s law of gravitation, which divides the gravitational field into antenna field zones and clarifies many astronomical facts. The findings, furthermore, suggest that the gravitational field is the antenna field of astronomical objects; and that nature's antennas, such as molecules and astronomical objects, communicate via gravitational waves. We hope that the study, which uses a classical approach to explain the facts of living systems and the Universe, will find applications in biology, astronomy, communication engineering, and other areas of science.

Modeling and Calculation Characteristics of APAA HF-Band Based on Whip Antennas

When designing the antenna field of a stationary HF transmitting radiocenter, it is necessary to provide for reserving ground-based symmetrical antennas operating on round-the-clock radio directions with backup, fast-deployable antenna systems. As such antennas, it is proposed to use asymmetric vertical dipoles, active phased antenna arrays (APAA) based on them with a controlled directional pattern. This article considers methods for calculating such systems, a method is developed for determining the phase relationships of currents at the inputs of APAR elements, taking into account its placement and functioning on a real object. The results of route tests of single antennas and APAA on a radio link with a length of 650 km are presented.

Synchronous Addition of Antenna Field Signals with a Shift of Sampling Pulses during Spacecraft Tracking by Target Designations with Allowance for the Inertia of Antenna Motion

The method of synchronous addition of signals of separate antennas was proposed previously for the aggregation of relatively small-scale aperture antennas into a single digital antenna array (digital antenna field) with a combined area for receiving telemetry signals from spacecraft when antennas are mutually spaced by a distance big enough for them not to shade one another. The method is based on the idea of compensating mutual delays between the antennas of the received signal by a corresponding shift of the sampling pulses of the signals of different antennas. The present paper demonstrates the efficacy of the method in the mode of spacecraft tracking by target designations in orbits of global navigation systems with allowance for the inertia of antenna motion. It is shown that in spacecraft tracking mode, which is close to the real one, this method gives a signal-to-noise ratio and bit-error probability closer to the theoretical limit than the values obtained for the idealized mode (analyzed earlier), which equates the angular coordinates and velocities of the antennas to the calculated angles and velocities of spacecraft in target designation nodes.

Synchronous Addition of Antenna Signals with a Shift of Sampling Pulses in Idealized Mode of Spacecraft Tracking by Target Designations

The method of synchronous addition of signals of separate antennas was proposed previously for the aggregation of relatively small-scale aperture antennas into a single digital antenna array (digital antenna field) with a combined area for receiving telemetry signals from spacecraft. In this case, the antennas are mutually spaced by a big enough distance in order to not shade one another. The method is based on the idea of compensating the mutual delays between the antennas of the received signal by a corresponding shift of the sampling pulses of the signals of different antennas. This article demonstrates the method’s workability in idealized mode of spacecraft tracking by target designations on orbits of global navigation systems. It is shown that with the up-to-date level of impulse technology development the method of synchronous addition of antenna signals with a shift of sampling pulses is potentially capable of ensuring the reception of telemetry information from deep-space spacecraft at rates approximately 6 times higher than those of the classic Delta-DOR method.

Development and Experimental Study of APAA HF-Band with Controlled Radiation Pattern

There is a promising direction in the antenna field design of a stationary transmitting radio center short-wavelength range is the use of active phased array antennas with spatial power addition and a controlled directional pattern. The article considers the algorithm for calculating the V shaped antenna as a basic element of antenna array, apart from that it considers calculation of the four-element antenna array based on the V shaped antenna. This paper presents the track tests results to estimate the power increment depending on the operating elements in the antenna array, as well as horizontal controllability results.

Mathematical Analysis of a Modified Closed-Form Formula for Design a Uniform Leaky-Wave Antenna With Ultra-Low SLL

Straight long slots have high side-lobes in the far-field amplitude patterns, which reduces their use as high-performance antennas. To reduce these side-lobes, a long slot may be tapered to produce the desired radiation patterns. The theory of control of the aperture distribution to reduce side-lobes has been already reported in some works and well known for already some decades. It is, however, shown in this paper that it may not be good enough to achieve ultra-low side lobes. The theory to analyze and design tapered leaky-wave antennas is described in this paper. Since it is very challenging to achieve a mathematical equation in this regard, some parameters will be calculated using simulation in the first step and the shape of the antenna field is obtained based on these parameters. In the next step, a differential equation is derived for the first step parameters. The solution of this differential equation which is the main motivation of this paper will be expressed in three ways where each part is more accurate than the previous one. According to the measurement results, the structure has a side-lobe level more than −45 dB.