Artificial Plantation Responses to Periodic Submergence in Massive Dam and Reservoir Riparian Zones: Changes in Soil Properties and Bacterial Community Characteristics

Plant and microbiome interactions are necessary for plant nutrient acquisition. However, relatively little is known about the responses of roots, bulk, and rhizosphere soil microbial communities in different artificial vegetation types (woody and herbaceous) in riparian areas of massive dams and reservoirs. Therefore, this study aims to assess such responses at elevations of 165–170 m a.s.l. in the riparian zones of the Three Gorges Dam Reservoir, China. The samples were collected containing the rhizosphere soil, bulk soil, and roots of herbaceous and woody vegetation at different emergence stages in 2018. Then, all the samples were analyzed to quantify the soil properties, bacterial community characteristics, and their interaction in the early and late emergence phases. In different periods, the weight of dominant soil bacteria, including Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Cyanobacteria, was higher, and their composition was different in the rhizosphere, bulk soil, and endophytes. Moreover, the soil co-occurrence networks indicated that the weight of soil physical properties was higher than chemical properties in the early emergence stage. In contrast, the weight of chemical properties was relatively higher in the late emergence stage. Furthermore, the richness and diversity of the bacterial community were mainly affected by soil organic matter. This study suggests that these herbaceous and woody vegetation are suitable for planting in reservoir areas affected by hydrology and human disturbance in light of soil nutrients and soil microbial communities, respectively. Additionally, these results provide valuable information to inoculate the soil with key microbiota members by applying fertilizers, potentially improving plant health and soil production.

Early cognitive and brain development in infants and children with ASD

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by difficulties in social communication and interaction, restrictive, and repetitive behaviors. The exact etiology of the condition is unknown, and the heterogeneity and the late emergence of characteristic symptoms of ASD limits our ability to identify infants and children who may require early intervention. One way to address the complexity of this condition is to examine early cognitive and brain development prior to the consolidation of behavioral symptoms at around 2–3 years. This chapter overviews early brain and cognitive development in ASD-relevant domains, and putative underlying brain mechanisms. Isolating critical features of early development may be used to reduce the diagnostic window and establish effective intervention options.

Evaluation of Pre and Post Emergence Herbicides in Greengram (Vigna radiata L.) during Kharif and Rabi Seasons in the Uplands of Krishna Zone of Andhra Pradesh

Background: Greengram crop is grown round the year as a catch crop in different cropping systems of the uplands of the Krishna Zone of Andhra Pradesh. The practice of application of pre emergence herbicide like pendimethalin is very popular with the farmers for the control of weeds in the uplands, both in kharif and rabi seasons. Further spraying of a selective post emergence herbicide is also practiced by farmers. However, some of the weeds of kharif viz., Phyllanthus maderaspatensis and rabi viz., Chrozophora rottleri could not be controlled with these herbicides due to their late emergence or due to development of partial resistance to these herbicides. Certain new pre (PE) and post emergence (PoE) herbicides viz., pendimethalin 30% + imazethapyr 2%, acifluorfen sodium 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8%, fomesafen 11.1% + fluazifop -p-butyl 11.1%, are recommended in crops like soybean and groundnut. However, there is need to test these herbicides available in market for their suitability to control the weeds in greengram. Methods: A field experiment was carried out at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, with an objective to evaluate selected PE and PoE herbicide mixtures in greengram managing the major weeds of greengram grown in vertisols of Krishna Zone of Andhra Pradesh during Kharif and rabi seasons of 2018 under upland conditions. Result: Among the two PE herbicides tested on greengram, pendimethalin 30% + imazethapyr 2% @ 0.75 + 0.05 kg/ha was found to be more effective in reducing the weed density and dry matter compared with pendimethalin 30% @ 0.75 kg/ha. The PoE herbicide mixtures tested viz., fomesafen 11.1% + fluazifop -p-butyl 11.1% @111g/ha, propaquizafop 2.5% + imazethapyr 3.75% @ 50+75 g/ha were on par with imazethapyr 10% @ 50g/ha in controlling the weed population without having any adverse affect on the growth and yield of greengram during kharif and rabi.

The themes of works of Bessarabian painters between 1888-1917

The themes and subjects approached by the plastic artists, in a certain period of time, in a certain geographical space, including the names of the works, indirectly reflect the existing tendencies in the respective epoch. These moments are indisputable, regardless of the evolutions of art in various cultural environments, in the centers of international art or on its peripheries, objectively reflecting the styles and priorities of the time. Thus, realism operates with certain terms that define the options of the current, different from those of impressionism, expressionism, etc. The Bessarabian visual arts are no exception in this case. More refractory and more specific, the evolution of local culture was due to the historical situation of the land, ruled by the Tsarist Empire for a century, with the late emergence of professional art and the direct influences of Russian and Ukrainian itinerants’ realism characterized by special themes. But these trends were also marked by the emergence of non-conformist representatives of Russian art, such as Vladimir Falileev, Alexander Shevchenko, Nathan Altman, participants in Bessarabian salons in the early twentieth century. More eloquently, these renewals of local art occur after the internship of Eugenia Maleshevsci in Europe, the sporadic return to the homeland of Pavel Shilingovschi, but also the appearance in Bessarabia of a true representative of the new currents, such as Auguste Baillayre.

Prospects for the gene pool use of stone fruit plants in the distant hybridization of cherries

18 species of cherries are collected for the preservation and study in the gene pool of the station. The following species P. sachalinensis, P. kurilensis, P. pensylvanica, P. incisa, P. serrullata, P. lannesiana, P. fruticosa separated by economically valuable traits, were involved in distant hybridization as a female parent. Cherry varieties, donors of large – fruited fruit, performed as a male parent. The article shows the yielding results of interspecies crossing, the patterns of inheritance of hybrid traits of early and late emergence from the condition of a deep dormant period and winter hardiness. According to the results of our research, we recommended the following species – P. lannesiana, P. serrullata, P. sachalinensis as donors of short onset, and as for late and long-lasting – P. pensylvanica, P. incisa, P. fruticosa. Species which transmit the sign of winter hardiness to their progeny – P. fruticosa, P. incisa and P. kurilensis.

GENETIC SOURCES AND NEW GENPLASMA - THE BASIS OF INTRODUCED MAIZE MATERIAL

The efficiency of selection work depends on the availability of the source maize material with genetic diversity, high combination ability and a set of economically valuable traits. Modern maize hybrids are created using only a small portion of gene plasma. Only 5-8% of the species maize diversity is used in the modern breeding process. Of great importance for successful breeding research and effective selection is the introduced material, especially from different parts of the globe. Each form, line, variety or hybrid is characterized by a set of many features and properties. The most important of them change more under the influence of adaptation, when grown in new conditions. Scientists of the Department of genetics, breeding and seed production named after prof. M.O. Zelensky NULES of Ukraine have been working together with the Department of Crop Production of the University of Aleppo (Syrian Arab Republic) for more than 20 years to expand the gene pool, developed a scheme, methods of approaches to the introduced forms for their analysis, testing, selection, followed by the creation of both source material and the creation of high-yielding hybrids in Ukraine and Syria. The article presents materials that highlight the importance of different approaches to the selection of source material, genetic sources, as well as the importance of the new gene plasma in the creation of self-pollinating lines, its preservation and subsequent use in breeding programs. The results of many years of research and reports of their results provide an opportunity to summarize the indicators of the migration effect from one area to another. It is established that the use maize samples of Syrian origin begins with overcoming the low cold resistance and slowed down the initial growth of maize. That is why the original forms of Syrian selection when grown in the conditions of "VP ADS NULES of Ukraine" (Pshenichne village, Vasylkiv district, Kyiv region) have a long growing season and late emergence of panicles. This shortcoming can be eliminated only by selection. The authors have developed proposals for a joint research program, test methods, recommended scheme of work with the original material of Syrian and Ukrainian maize selection. Key words: maize, source material, introduction, cell and genetic engineering, genetic diversity, genetic resources, sources of traits, collections, adaptation.

The development of synthetic compounds in German: Relating diachrony with L1 acquisition

The development of synthetic compounds with deverbal heads in German, namely nominalizations with ung (such as Kindererziehung ‘child education’) and the nominalized infinitive (such as Eierlegen ‘laying of eggs’) has not been studied for language acquisition, due to their late emergence and the poor documentation in later acquisition stages. The historical emergence of synthetic compounding has had little attention. Our aim is to bring together both ‘emergence-driven’ perspectives for investigating what formal properties of synthetic compounding can be observed from the perspective of the most frequent nominalization patterns of present-day German for abstract nouns. The theoretical comparison shows that both developments (child language development and the historical development) display an increase in morphological complexity: while both kinds of nominalizations start with simple verbs, prefix and particle verbs follow. In a next step, the nominalization patterns are widened in favor of complex bases.