Translatorische Textproduktion : Hermeneutik und Linguistik

The article discusses the translator ’s dynamic task of providing a faithful presentation of the message understood from a written text. Translation can be described in both literature and specialized communication as a process in which hermeneutics and linguistics are combined. Examples from eco¬nomic texts are given. Understanding refers to holistic comprehension of the overall message, based on hermeneutically relevant knowledge and it can be retrospectively traced back to the semantic input. Translational text produc¬tion on the other hand, is guided by a global formulation strategy following rhetorical aims and schematic text type norms that finds its linguistic expres¬sion in functional and stylistic decisions.

A “K” to bridge Korea and the world: the state-led formulation of K-lit and its contradictions

This study examines the activity of the Literature Translation Institute of Korea (LTI), a South Korean state agency promoting Korean literature internationally through translation. Analyzing LTI programs and participants in LTI policymaking and implementation, I advocate reconsideration of the conventional theorization of the state as either “strong” or “weak” in its control over national culture, corresponding to the degree of liberalization of market and politics. Instead, the institutional strength of the state and the marginal status – globally – of a given literature are intertwined and mutually transformative for the global formulation of a national literature. This study articulates how LTI's embeddedness in networks of domestic and international literary actors, such as translators, publishers, academics, and critics, both enables and constrains LTI policy. Based on the analysis, I argue that LTI as an intermediary formulates Korean literature with multiple components, combining the marketization of prominent writers with cultural consecration of non-commercial works, and universal literary values with nationalist cultural pride. Consequently, this study reveals the contentious nature of the state-led literary project, under which a national literature in global context is shaped collectively by actors both within and without the state.

Lipid-Nucleic Acid Complexes: Physicochemical Aspects and Prospects for Cancer Treatment

Cancer is an extremely complex disease, typically caused by mutations in cancer-critical genes. By delivering therapeutic nucleic acids (NAs) to patients, gene therapy offers the possibility to supplement, repair or silence such faulty genes or to stimulate their immune system to fight the disease. While the challenges of gene therapy for cancer are significant, the latter approach (a type of immunotherapy) starts showing promising results in early-stage clinical trials. One important advantage of NA-based cancer therapies over synthetic drugs and protein treatments is the prospect of a more universal approach to designing therapies. Designing NAs with different sequences, for different targets, can be achieved by using the same technologies. This versatility and scalability of NA drug design and production on demand open the way for more efficient, affordable and personalized cancer treatments in the future. However, the delivery of exogenous therapeutic NAs into the patients’ targeted cells is also challenging. Membrane-type lipids exhibiting permanent or transient cationic character have been shown to associate with NAs (anionic), forming nanosized lipid-NA complexes. These complexes form a wide variety of nanostructures, depending on the global formulation composition and properties of the lipids and NAs. Importantly, these different lipid-NA nanostructures interact with cells via different mechanisms and their therapeutic potential can be optimized to promising levels in vitro. The complexes are also highly customizable in terms of surface charge and functionalization to allow a wide range of targeting and smart-release properties. Most importantly, these synthetic particles offer possibilities for scaling-up and affordability for the population at large. Hence, the versatility and scalability of these particles seem ideal to accommodate the versatility that NA therapies offer. While in vivo efficiency of lipid-NA complexes is still poor in most cases, the advances achieved in the last three decades are significant and very recently a lipid-based gene therapy medicine was approved for the first time (for treatment of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis). Although the path to achieve efficient NA-delivery in cancer therapy is still long and tenuous, these advances set a new hope for more treatments in the future. In this review, we attempt to cover the most important biophysical and physicochemical aspects of non-viral lipid-based gene therapy formulations, with a perspective on future cancer treatments in mind.

Theoretical Justification and Analysis of Technology for Manufacturing Waveguide-and-Distribution Systems of Spacecraft Communication Devices

Manufacturing of extended thin-walled waveguide-and-distribution system (WDS) by soldering separate elements is associated with force, strain and temperature impacts leading to undesirable deformations both in local areas as well as in the whole structure. Each element and the system in general are subjected to local thermal exposure that results in temperature stresses and strains. The stresses that occur due to heating can cause irreversible deformations of the structure manifested as local deflections and distortions of the cross section geometry. When assembling waveguide-and-distribution systems, even minor angular and linear displacements in the places where the elements are joined result in disruption of the overall geometry of the structure and therefore, a displacement of the mounting points relative to the desired location. Forced alignment of these points would create internal stresses, which combined with external impacts, could violate the conditions of strength, rigidity and location of the control mounting points. To achieve the required strength, rigidity and accuracy parameters of the system, it is necessary to perform a theoretical and calculation analysis of the manufacturing process parameters, steps, actions and methods. The paper presents a method of calculating waveguide-and-distribution systems that can be used to promptly determine the stress-strain state with a required accuracy in order to ensure strength, rigidity and sufficient geometrical accuracy of the WDS structure. The WDS is treated as a rod model in the global formulation and as a shell structure when a separate local area is analyzed in detail. This approach enables the assessment of the stress-strain state in general and more precise calculations of the stresses and strains in defined local areas with nearly any required accuracy. An example showing calculations of the dynamics of variation of the gap between thin-walled elements in the process of soldering is given. An analysis of the stress-strain state of the mounting soldered seam between the elements is performed. The results obtained using the proposed two-step calculation method provide the required quality throughout the whole process of manufacturing an extended waveguide-and-distribution system for a spacecraft.

The Global Formulation of the Cauchy Problem

<p><span lang="EN-US">A Geometrical model for the global Cauchy problem, generalizing the traditional Cauchy problem is considered .The complete correspondence between the known<span>analytical formulation and the </span>geometrical interpretation is described, we have utilized the generalized Green's function and the open mapping theorem appropriate to the problem.</span></p>