Symbolika przestrzeni miejskiej a symbol w przestrzeni publicznej

The Symbolism of Urban Space Versus the Symbol of Public Space The article presents an original analysis of the symbolism of urban space and types of symbols complementing public space. It describes the symbolism of a space, what creates it, how it can be interpreted and what role it played in the past and now. Extremely interesting examples of symbolic structures in Poland and other European countries are presented. The features and functions of the symbol in the public space are distinguished and its meaning for the recipient is indicated.

Three-dimensional SPACE MR with CAIPIRINHA fourfold acceleration for assessing long head of biceps tendon

Background Data regarding controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration (CAIPIRINHA) T2-weighted sampling perfection with application optimized contrast evolution (SPACE) with fourfold acceleration factor for assessing long head of biceps tendon (LHBT) disorder is lacking. Purpose To investigate the feasibility of 3D CAIPIRINHA SPACE with fourfold acceleration in assessing LHBT disorder. Material and Methods A total of 42 consecutive patients underwent shoulder magnetic resonance (MR) examinations including CAIPIRINHA SPACE with fourfold acceleration, and non-CAIPIRINHA SPACE with twofold acceleration, and 2D fast spin echo (FSE). A subjective score of depiction of LHBT was given to 3D sequence according to a 4-point scale (0–3, “poor” to “excellent”). The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare depiction scores between 3D sequences. Three statuses of LHBT were defined in the study: normal, tendonitis, and tear. McNemar’s test was used compare diagnostic accuracy. Results LHBT was better depicted with CAIPIRINHA SPACE versus non-CAIPIRINHA SPACE (2.1 ± 0.4 vs. 1.5 ± 0.4; P < 0.001). Inter-modality agreement between CAIPIRINHA SPACE and 2D FSE was almost perfect (kappa = 0.884 ± 0.064). The sensitivity and specificity in detecting LHBT disorder were 95% (20/21) and 95% (20/21), respectively, for CAIPIRINHA SPACE, and 71% (15/21) and 76% (16/21), respectively, for non-CAIPIRINHA SPACE ( P = 0.039). Conclusion Fourfold acceleration CAIPIRINHA is feasible in reducing the acquisition time of SPACE MR in the shoulder. 3D CAIPIRINHA SPACE with fourfold acceleration is highly accurate in detecting LHBT disorder.

Protecting Existing Urban Green Space versus Cultivating More Green Infrastructures: Strategies Choices to Alleviate Urban Waterlogging Risks in Shenzhen

For urban waterlogging alleviation, green infrastructures have been widely concerned. How to carry out scientific green infrastructure planning becomes an important issue in flood control and disaster relief. Based on historical media records of urban waterlogging from 2017 to 2020 and combined with variables about topography, land cover and socioeconomics, we used the Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) to conduct urban waterlogging susceptibility assessment and simulate the risk of waterlogging in different scenarios of green land configuration in Shenzhen. The results showed that: (1) high proportions of impervious surface and population could increase the risks in Luohu and Futian districts, followed by Nanshan and Baoan districts, while high proportions of green space could effectively reduce the risks in southeastern Shenzhen; (2) urban waterlogging in Luohu and Futian districts can be alleviated by strengthening green infrastructure construction while Longgang and Longhua districts should make comprehensive use of other flood prevention methods; (3) turning existing urban green space into impervious surfaces would increase the risks of waterlogging, which is more evident in places with high proportions of green space such as Dapeng and Yantian districts. The effectiveness of green infrastructures varies in different spatial locations. Therefore, more attention should be paid to protecting existing green spaces than cultivating more green infrastructures in urban waterlogging alleviation.

The Effects of Social Rewards on Incidental Episodic Memory

Episodic memory is our memory for specific, personally experienced events. Although remembering the “what, where and when” of an instance may be highly beneficial, the brain’s memory capacity is limited and must therefore be selective. Rewards are important enhancers of episodic memory acquisition and storage. Among them, social rewards have been proposed as important drivers of motivated behaviour. Whether the benefits of social rewards on memory still operate on incidental (unplanned) memorization of neutral events has not been tested yet. In this study, we explored the effects of social rewards on memory for neutral scenes that were completely unrelated, except for proximity in time, to the sources of reward (here, the presentation of happy versus neutral faces). One day after the completion of an encoding task, participants were given a surprise memory test that assessed their recollection of spatial or temporal information related to such incidental scenes. Differences in memory for space versus time-related information were observed. Although participants were expected to have better memory for scenes that occurred after delivery of social rewards, this was not the case; possible explanations for this are discussed. However, strong interactions between the anticipated effect and participants’ mood were noted, and our initial hypothesis did hold true in a subset of participants who experienced exceptionally low mood on the day of encoding. These findings hint at the limitations of a reward-driven enhancement of incidental episodic memory and highlight the important role of mood in modulating the extent of such an effect.

Natural Selection as the Sum over all Histories

As evolution can be connected to the principle of least action, and if it is depicted in evolution-space versus time then it corresponds to the direction of ultimate causation. As an organism evolves and follows a path of proximate causation, if the vector is closely parallel to that of the Ultimate Causation then the changes will confer desirable attributes which will lead to further development. If, however, the variations do not occur in a direction close to that of the ultimate causation vector the evolved organism will quickly die out. Therefore Natural Selection may be viewed as similar to Feynman’s “sum over all histories”. This approach is compatible with both Neutral Theory and Selection, as it includes both positive and negative mutations and selection. Therefore, the principle of least action gives a direction, but not a purpose, to evolution.