Research and Optimization of Gas Extraction by Crossing-Seam Boreholes from Floor Roadway

Deep coal seams are characterized by large stress, high gas pressure, and low permeability. The gas disaster threatens the safe production of coal mine seriously. Gas extraction by crossing-seam boreholes from floor roadway (GECMBFR) can reduce the pressure and content of coal seam gas, which is the main measure to prevent gas disaster. Considering the Klinkenberg effect, governing equations of gas adsorption/desorption-diffusion, gas seepage, and stress fields within the coal seam are established to form the seepage-stress coupling model. The governing equations are embodied into a finite element driven software to numerically simulate gas migration and fluid-solid coupling law in coal seam. On this basis, the process of gas extraction under different borehole spacings and diameters is simulated. The effects of these two key parameters on coal seam gas pressure, gas content, and gas permeability were analyzed. The borehole spacing and diameter were determined to be 5 m and 0.09 m, respectively. Combined with the actual situation of a mine, the process of gas extraction from floor roadway with different cross-sectional schemes, ordinary drilling boreholes and punching combined drilling boreholes, is comparatively analyzed. The results show that the gas extraction effect by ordinary drilling boreholes is lower than that of the punching combined drilling boreholes, and the extraction is uneven and makes it difficult to meet the standard. Hydraulic punching was carried out, and coal was washed out of the borehole, which expanded the contact area between the borehole wall and coal seam. The coal seam around the punching borehole is unloaded, which improves coal permeability and accelerates gas migration towards the borehole, thus promoting the efficiency of gas extraction. It is more reasonable to use punching combined drilling borehole scheme when implementing the GECMBFR technology.

Bhopal Disaster Gas Victims’: Trauma Before & During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Many studies, reports, books, narratives, and surveys have focused on the disputable picture of the sustainable development of victims of the Bhopal Gas Disaster to understand the trauma, faced by the victims and survivors before and during the COVID-19 period. Traumatic accidents fundamentally shatter the time-based experience of humans between the present and the past. The poisonous night not only had an intense effect on their way of life, but also had an acute impact on their understanding of how to deal with problems. However, another whammy COVID-19 makes their lives more traumatized, unsustainable, and also the victims of another catastrophe. The researchers of the present study have attempted to focus on the traumatic conditions and lessons faced by the Bhopal Gas Victims. In short, the present study puts the focus on the disputable record of sustainable development of the Bhopal Gas Victims in duration, from 1984 to the COVID-19 period, through an analysis of different studies.

Respiratory Morbidities and Lung Function Abnormalities in Survivors of Bhopal Gas Disaster: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background Respiratory morbidities remained major morbidities among the survivors of the Bhopal gas disaster. We hypothesized that underlying lung function abnormalities, especially small airway dysfunctions (SAD), were responsible for persistent respiratory morbidity. Material and methods We conducted a cross-sectional study between 2018 and 2020 in the severely exposed cohort of the Bhopal gas disaster. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect respiratory symptoms. The forced oscillation technique (FOT) and spirometry were used for assessing lung functions. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association. Results Total 916 individuals (men: 442) participated. The mean age was 55.2 ± 12.3 years. Breathlessness was a predominant respiratory complaint (71.7%), followed by cough (15.1%). Five hundred fifty-eight individuals participated in lung function assessment. The R5 > ULN (upper limit of normal), R5 − 19 >ULN, and X5 < LLN (lower limit of normal) were observed in 29.3%, 23.3%, and 21.2% participants, respectively. Normal, obstructive, and restrictive spirometry was observed in 46.2%, 26.1%, and 27.7% of participants, respectively. Abnormalities in FOT parameters were observed in 25.3% of individuals with normal spirometry. Individuals with obstructive spirometry had the highest risk of abnormal FOT parameters (adj OR:3.93, 95% CI: 2.24–6.89). Breathlessness showed a significant association with abnormal R5 (adj OR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.13–2.91) and obstructive spirometry (adj OR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.29–3.95). Conclusion Assessment of small airway functions, in addition to spirometry, will help to identify complex lung function abnormalities in the population exposed to toxic inhalation.

A New Method for the Measurement of Gas Pressure in Water-Bearing Coal Seams and Its Application

Coal seam gas pressure is one of the fundamental parameters used to assess coal seam gas occurrence and is an important index in assessing the risk of gas disaster. However, the geological characteristics of coal seams become increasingly complex with increasing mining degree, thus decreasing the accuracy and success rate of direct methods for measuring gas pressure. To address such issues, we have developed a new method for direct measurement of gas pressure in water-bearing coal seams. In particular, we developed a pressure measurement device based on theoretical analysis and quantified the basic parameters of the device based on well testing. Then, we verified the applicability of our method based on comparative analysis of the results of field experiments and indirect measurements. Our results demonstrate that this new method can resolve the effects of water pressure, coal slime, and other factors on the estimation of gas pressure. The performance of this new method is considerably better than that of traditional methods. In particular, field test results demonstrate that our method can accurately and efficiently measure gas pressure in water-bearing coal seams. These results will be of great significance in the prevention and control of coal seam gas disaster.

A Comparative Study to Explore the Effect of Different Compounds in Immune Proteins of Human Beings Against Tuberculosis: An In-silico Approach

Background: The lungs are directly exposed to pollutants, pathogens, allergens, and chemicals, which might lead to physiological disorders. During the Bhopal gas disaster, the lungs of the victims were exposed to various chemicals. Here, using molecular modelling studies, we describe the effects of these chemicals (Dimethyl urea, Trimethyl urea, Trimethyl isocyanurate, Alphanaphthol, Butylated hydroxytoluene and Carbaryl) on pulmonary immune proteins. Objective: In the current study, we performed molecular modelling methods like molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies to identify the effects of hydrolytic products of MIC and dumped residues on the pulmonary immune proteins. Methods: Molecular docking studies of (Dimethyl urea, Trimethyl urea, Trimethyl isocyanurate, Alphanaphthol, Butylated hydroxytoluene and Carbaryl) on pulmonary immune proteins was performed using the Autodock 4.0 tool, and gromacs was used for the molecular dynamics simulation studies to get an insight into the possible mode of protein-ligand interactions. Further, in silico ADMET studies was performed using the TOPKAT protocol of discovery studio. Results: From docking studies, we found that surfactant protein-D is inhibited most by the chemicals alphanaphthol (dock score, -5.41Kcal/mole), butylated hydroxytoluene (dock score,-6.86 Kcal/mole), and carbaryl (dock score,-6.1 Kcal/mole). To test their stability, the obtained dock poses were placed in a lipid bilayer model system mimicking the pulmonary surface. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest a stable interaction between surfactant protein-D and carbaryl. Conclusion: This, study concludes that functioning of surfactant protein-D is directly or indirectly affected by the carbaryl chemical, which might account for the increased susceptibility of Bhopal gas disaster survivors to pulmonary tuberculosis.