The fossilist and his engraver: Samuel Springsguth’s illustrations of James Parkinson’s Organic Remains

ABSTRACT James Parkinson was an apothecary surgeon, political activist, and paleontologist during the latter part of the long eighteenth century. He is most famous for his 1817 work, An Essay on the Shaking Palsy, in which he was the first to describe and define the symptoms of paralysis agitans, a condition now known as Parkinson’s disease. During his lifetime, however, he was internationally renowned for his three-volume study of fossils, Organic Remains of a Former World. Sales of this work continued for 25 years after Parkinson’s death, even though much of its scientific content had become redundant. This was due to the beauty and fidelity of its illustrations, although Samuel Springsguth, the illustrator and engraver, is never explicitly acknowledged in the work. By examining several extant fossils known to have been in Parkinson’s collection and illustrated in his works, it has been possible to gain some insight into the way that Parkinson and Springsguth worked together when illustrating these volumes.

A comparative and comprehensive study of prediction of Parkinson’s disease

Objectives: Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a form of neurodegenerative disease that is caused the progressive weakening of dopaminergic nerve cells that affects a large number of people around the world. The event of recent treatment methods principally depends upon the experimental data resulting from assessment balances and patients’ journals that take varied boundaries with reference to legitimacy, inter-rater inconsistency, and incessant monitoring. Methods: Nowadays various techniques and algorithms are utilized in predicting the accuracy in PD. A range of those techniques, including SVM, Artificial Neural Network, Naive Bayes, Kernel based extreme learning through subtractive clustering landscapes, Random Forest, The Multi-Layer Perceptron with Back-Propagation Learning Algorithm are widely applied to form the acceptable decision accurately. During this work, and in-depth review was administered on various techniques proposed by numerous researchers. a replacement system must be proposed which uses DL techniques and considers other attributes of paralysis agitans which can improve the prediction and be an advancement within the medical field. Result: It has been observed that many researches have been done in identifying the PD yet there is a need of suitable method or algorithm to improve the prediction of PD which will help in the clinical management. Conclusion and Future work: Most of the methods have used speech as a major attribute for their research and have produced substantial accuracy. In order to increase the precision approaches involving movements, facial expression and other attributes also be considered for evaluation

Abnormal eye movements in parkinsonism: a historical view

ABSTRACT Parkinson's disease (PD), known since ancient times as paralysis agitans, was studied and described by James Parkinson in 1817 in his work “An Essay on the Shaking Palsy”. Fifty years later, Charcot and his students delved into the disease, naming it as we know it today, as well as defining the classic disease and its variants. One of these students, Arthur Dutil, addressed patients’ abnormal eye movements. Nowadays, it is known that the differential diagnosis of PD is relevant for prognosis, treatment and research, and, despite the advances in the area, it remains largely clinical. The relevance of the eye movement exam has grown along with the history of PD and it has proved to be an excellent tool for the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism. Additionally, it can become a support to identify different types of genetic PD and be useful for improving early recognition of cognitive decline in patients with PD.

Fürstner. Ueber multiple Sclerose und Paralysis agitans. Archiv f. Psych, 1898. Heft 1

That in paralysis agitans there is always, as Redlich asserts, the well-known anatomical picture, namely peri and endoarteritis with the inflammatory multiplication of the glucose tissue, especially the posterior and lateral bundles of the spinal cord, has not yet been proven.

Parkinsonism and D-512, dopamine D2/3 receptor agonist; A review of literature

In 1817, James Parkinson first coined the term Paralysis Agitans (An Essay on the Shaking Palsy), Jean-Marie Charcot was the first to coin term Parkinson’s disease (PD). Three most common and obvious symptoms in patients with PD are tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. A multidisciplinary team involving neurologists, primary care practitioners, nurses, physical therapists, social workers is used to diagnose PD. Nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatment is given to the patient. However, this disease demands more clinical translational and prognostic research, identifying biomarkers that can help in early diagnosis of the disease and on developing future disease-modifying interventions.

FP1-7 Neurology – the european specialty

ObjectivesThe case records at Queen Square afford a unique opportunity to understand the evolution of neurological diagnosis between 1870 and 1920. This period witnessed a shift from the descriptive and observational to a sophisticated and detailed understanding of discrete disease patterns.ResultsBy 1870, the introduction of microscopic pathological analysis of the nervous system had led to the recognition of disease processes including tumour, haemorrhage, infarction, meningitis and sclerosis. However, the most frequent diagnoses remained symptomatic (epilepsy, movement and functional disorders, visual loss and paralysis). Syphilis, paralysis agitans, and poliomyelitis were amongst the few specific diagnoses. The final decade of the 19th century saw the description of disease patterns, particularly in France, Germany and the US. These included disseminated and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myasthenia gravis and latterly eponymous disorders and signs attributed to Dejerine, Duchenne, Sanger Brown, Huntington, Marie, Romberg, Wernicke, Babinski and Charcot as well as Bright, Jackson, Gowers and Wilson in the UK.ConclusionsThe case record diagnoses, as well as the writings of Gowers and others, show how rapidly neurological thought evolved over 50 years. Queen Square was able to systematise neurological disease but was also remarkably responsive in understanding, accepting and adopting the neurological advances made across Europe.

150th anniversary of clinical description of multiple sclerosis

The clinical features of multiple sclerosis were first defined in detail and with pathologic confirmation in a medical thesis published at the Salpêtrière, Paris, in 1868. The author, Leopold Ordenstein (1835–1902), a German physician, analyzed cases collected by his mentor, Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893). The 2 clinician-scientists described the characteristic symptoms, predisposing age, and pathologic features of the disease, and emphasized the clear delineation from other chronic progressive disorders, especially paralysis agitans. The latter was referred to as Parkinson disease by William Sanders in 1865 and adopted by Désiré-Magloire Bourneville on behalf of Charcot in 1875. This essay commemorates the 150th anniversary of the publication of the pioneering work of Leopold Ordenstein and Jean-Martin Charcot.

Historical and cross-cultural perspectives on Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting up to 10 million people worldwide according to the Parkinson’s Disease Foundation. Epidemiological and genetic studies show a preponderance of idiopathic cases and a subset linked to genetic polymorphisms of a familial nature. Traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurveda recognized and treated the illness that Western Medicine terms PD millennia ago, and descriptions of Parkinson’s symptomatology by Europeans date back 2000 years to the ancient Greek physician Galen. However, the Western nosological classification now referred to in English as “Parkinson’s disease” and the description of symptoms that define it, are accredited to British physician James Parkinson, who in 1817 authored The Shaking Palsy. Later in the nineteenth century, French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot re-labeled paralysis agitans “Parkinson’s disease” and over a century of scientific research ensued. This review discusses European, North American, and Asian contributions to the understanding and treatment of PD from ancient times through the twentieth century.