Optoaccoustic Tomography – good news for microcirculatory research

Tomographic imaging is a well established technology in preventive medicine and biomedical research, although not without limitations and concerns. Optoacoustic tomography (OAT) is a recent development that bridges optical and sonographic techniques to solve spatial resolution in deep-tissue imaging. In addition to safety advantages, OAT allows multiple wavelength readings for natural thermoelastic chromophores. In this study, we explore Multi Spectral Optoacoustic Tomography (MSOT) capacities to simultaneously acquire three independent chromophores – deoxygenated haemoglobin (Hb), oxygenated haemoglobin (HbO2), and melanin, from healthy human volunteers, with maximal molar extinction of HbO2 at 950 nm, Hb at 750 nm and melanin at 680 nm. Later we demonstrate how image stability during acquisition is fundamental for optimal resolution, precision and consistency of high throughout MSOT data collection. From recorded scans, a workflow is layered for data evaluation. With the MSOT dedicated software results were extracted from 3D image analysis of deep (15 mm3) vessels. The possibilities offered by this new system, specially in vascular pathophysiology, are immense and can be extended beyond current knowledge.

Optoaccoustic Tomography – good news for microcirculatory research

Tomographic imaging is a well established technology in preventive medicine and biomedical research, although not without limitations and concerns. Optoacoustic tomography (OAT) is a recent development that bridges optical and sonographic techniques to solve spatial resolution in deep-tissue imaging. In addition to safety advantages, OAT allows multiple wavelength readings for natural thermoelastic chromophores. In this study, we explore Multi Spectral Optoacoustic Tomography (MSOT) capacities to simultaneously acquire three independent chromophores – deoxygenated haemoglobin (Hb), oxygenated haemoglobin (HbO2), and melanin, from healthy human volunteers, with maximal molar extinction of HbO2 at 950 nm, Hb at 750 nm and melanin at 680 nm. Later we demonstrate how image stability during acquisition is fundamental for optimal resolution, precision and consistency of high throughout MSOT data collection. From recorded scans, a workflow is layered for data evaluation. With the MSOT dedicated software results were extracted from 3D image analysis of deep (15 mm3) vessels. The possibilities offered by this new system, specially in vascular pathophysiology, are immense and can be extended beyond current knowledge.

Development of a Method for the Measurement of Human Scent Samples Using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Mass Detection

Every human body is a source of a unique scent, which can be used for medical or forensic purposes. Human skin scent is a complex mixture of more or less volatile compounds with different chemical and physical properties, which often differ significantly in their concentrations. The most efficient technique for separating such complex samples is comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC). This work aimed to find the optimal arrangement of a two-dimensional chromatographic system and define a suitable chromatographic method for non-targeted analysis of human scent samples. Four different chromatographic columns (non-polar Rxi-5MS and TG-5HT, medium polar Rxi-17Sil MS and Rtx-200MS) and their different configurations were tested. The best system was the 30 m primary column Rtx-200MS (with the 2 m pre-column Rtx-200MS) and the 1 m secondary column TG-5HT in a reverse configuration. This system achieved the highest theoretical and conditional peak capacities, optimal resolution, and the lowest number of coelutions.

Ratiometric 4Pi single molecule localization with optimal resolution and color assignment

4Pi single molecule localization microscopy (4Pi-SMLM) with two opposing objectives achieves sub-10 nm isotropic 3D resolution with as few as 250 photons collected by each objective. Here, we developed a new ratiometric multi-color imaging strategy for 4Pi-SMLM which employed the intrinsic multi-phase interference intensity without increasing the complexity of the system and achieved both optimal 3D resolution and color separation. By partially linking the photon parameters between channels with interference difference of π during global fitting of the multi-channel 4Pi single molecule data, we showed on simulated data that the loss of the localization precision is minimal compared with the theoretical minimum uncertainty, the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB).

Energy Signal-Aided Secure Beamforming and Self-Energy Recycling in Full-Duplex Wireless-Powered Relay Networks

In this paper, the object of study is secure transmission and green energy transfer in full-duplex (FD) wireless-powered relay (WPR) secure systems, where an FD relay collects the power from radio-frequency signs and transmits the information in the face of multiple eavesdroppers. In order to improve the efficiency and safety of the contemporaneous wireless energy and information delivery, we propose a joint energy-signal- (ES-) aided secure beamforming and time-switch scheme under the self-power circulation protocol at the relay. The question formulated in this paper is to maximize the confidentiality rate according to energy restrictions at both the relay and energy receiver. As the question is non-salient and hard to resolve directly, we transform it into two sub-problems. For the first sub-problem, a two-level optimization technique is suggested to separately gain the optimal beamforming as well as the ES covariance. The extrinsic rank is a single-variable majorization question, which can be solved by single-dimensional (1D) examination. We attain an optimal solution to the inner level by a semi-definite relaxation (SDR) technique. For the second sub-problem, we again use 1D search to solve this problem. Moreover, we prove that SDR always exists as a level-1 optimal resolution. Mathematical outcomes show that the suggested plan can achieve a considerable gain of confidentiality rate by comparison with other benchmark plans.

Computational annealing as mechanism in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

The computational annealing model offers a plausible neurophysiological mechanism to account for eye movement desensitization and reprocessing’s (EMDR) psychotherapeutic effectiveness. The model is informed by analogy to the physical annealing of metals and the related computational method of simulated annealing. It proposes that observed instances of chaotic activity and criticality within the nervous system serve to loosen constraints within memory networks, allowing them to reorganize in a direction of optimal internal coherence and harmony. The role of eye movements is to generate corollary discharge within relevant brain areas, inducing transient increases in criticality within working memory; effectively raising the computational temperature and facilitating informational and energetic flow towards optimal resolution of trauma related memories. Raising the computational temperature overcomes constraints maintaining fragmented and discordant cognitive schemas, enabling fuller integration with the broader sense of self. Computational annealing provides an outline of a conceptual bridge between observations made at the microscopic neurophysiological level, and those made at the macroscopic, behavioral level of description.

Error propagation dynamics of PIV-based pressure field calculation (3): What is the minimum resolvable pressure in a reconstructed field?

An analytical framework for the propagation of velocity errors into PIV-based pressure calculation is established. Based on this framework, the optimal spatial resolution and the corresponding minimum field-wide error level in the calculated pressure field are estimated. This minimum error is viewed as the smallest resolvable pressure. We find that the optimal spatial resolution is a function of the flow features, geometry of the flow domain, and the type of the boundary conditions, in addition to the error in the PIV experiments, making a general statement about pressure sensitivity is difficult. The minimum resolvable pressure is affected by competing effects from the experimental error due to PIV and the truncation error from the numerical solver. This means that PIV experiments motivated by pressure measurements must be carefully designed so that the optimal resolution (or close to the optimal resolution) is used. Flows (Re=1.27 × 104 and 5×104) with exact solutions are used as examples to validate the theoretical predictions of the optimal spatial resolutions and pressure sensitivity. The numerical experimental results agree well with the analytical predictions.

An Innovative Method to Unravel Neutroshopic Transportation Problem Using Harmonic Mean

As a simplification of fuzzy sets and intuitionistic fuzzy sets to symbolize hesitant, conflicting, and curtailed information about factual world tribulations, neutrosophic sets have been established. There are many existing techniques accessible to solve transportation problems in neutrosophic environment. Among those existing routines, the harmonic mean scheme is applied to obtain the optimal resolution to neutrosophic transportation problem. A numerical example is publicized that the proposed technique gives an improved estimate when compared with the existing techniques.

Existing Approaches and Development Perspectives for Inferences

Statistical hypotheses testing is one of the basic direction of mathematical statistics the methods of which are widely used in theoretical research and practical applications. These methods are widely used in medical researches too. Scientists of different fields, among them of medical too, that are not experts in statistics, are often faced with the dilemma of which method to use for solving the problem they are interested. The article is devoted to helping the specialists in solving this problem and in finding the optimal resolution. For this purpose, here are very simple and clearly explained the essences of the existed approaches and are shown their positive and negative sides and are given the recommendations about their use depending on existed information and the aim that must be reached as a result of an investigation.