The Protean Viewpoint in One Hundred Years of Solitude

Point of view is a primary category of narrative, given that other elements such as characterization, description, language, worldview, structure, and genre, if they are to be convincing, need to be consistent with the adopted vantage point. In One Hundred Years of Solitude, where there is little direct dialogue, a polyvalent and multilayered diegesis, where an uncertain narrator recounts what different characters see, feel, and say, becomes a signature technique. According to Boris Uspensky, the “ideological point of view,” defined as the way of looking at the world conceptually, is not explicitly expressed, but found rather at the phraseological level of the narrative—marking a return to rhetorical criticism. “Many years later, before the firing squad, Colonel Aureliano Buendía would remember that remote afternoon when his father took him to discover ice.” From the outset, the viewpoint is marked by extreme shifts in person, character, time, tenses, and space, mapping its polyphony. This polyvalent narrator shifts from character to character, while the phraseology evokes different genres of the marvelous (myth, legend, folk tales, children’s stories, fairy tales, chronicles, travelogues, and ethnographic accounts). This overlay supports the verisimilitude of magical realist narrative. Ultimately the authorial mask is revealed to be Melquiades, himself a protean figure, a gypsy, merchant, explorer, ethnographer, inspired in Don Quixote’s Cide Hamete Benengeli. The narrator’s worldview coincides with the characters, such that no one shows surprise before the supernatural. The ideology appears naive, provincial, rural, primitive, and akin to outsider art, while maintaining a sophisticated technique.

MARTYR AL-ALAMA HAJ ALI MEKKI, A MARCH OF KNOWLEDGE AND JIHAD

He learned in the corner of the children of Sheikh Boudaoud (Daoud Al-Din) , ‎then moved to the corner of Sheikh Bin Ali Al-Sharif in Jabal Akbu, then he ‎moved to the corner of Sheikh Muhammad Abu Al-Qasim (Al-Hamil) to ‎study jurisprudence and monotheism and obtained a Certificate of principals in ‎jurisprudence and monotheism, especially the obligatory duties, then he ‎worked as an employee in the children's house of Sidi Sheikh Bin Al-Nazir ‎‎(Positively). He also worked as a teacher for a long time and called for building ‎schools and built some of them with his own money. He moved in many parts ‎of the country, performed the Hajj pilgrimage in 1935 AD, and during his ‎travels, he became acquainted with scholars. Evacuated like the leader Husseini, he was influenced by Imam Abdul Hamid ‎bin Badis and his case, he was exposed to several harassment by the colonial ‎authorities during World War II because of his activities in the Association of ‎Scholars Muslims and his land was confiscated and he was prevented from ‎practicing his activity, until the glorious liberation revolution broke out in ‎which he participated in it with all his might, despite his advanced age, he was ‎imprisoned in 1955 AD, and was martyred on April 24, 1959 AD by firing ‎squad.‎ Shot with his brothers the 74 martyrs in the battle of Kingfisher Mansoura. He ‎left one son and six daughters. The researcher who wrote the article is the ‎granddaughter of the martyr Allama to his eldest daughter, Lalla Barakam, born ‎in 1926 in Mansoura, Wilayat of Bordj Bou Arreridj, may God have mercy on ‎him, may his soul rest in peace, his immaculate body is buried in his hometown ‎in the village of Ahl Al-Hamra district of Mansoura. He also left in the cultural ‎field a rich library and manuscripts in Islamic jurisprudence and ordinances‎‎‎. Keywords: Hajj Ali Makki, Martyrs of the Revolution, March of Science and Jihad

A faster algorithm for the Birthday Song Singers Synchronization Problem (FSSP) in one-dimensional CA with multiple speeds

In cellular automata with multiple speeds for each cell i there is a positive integer $$p_i$$ p i such that this cell updates its state still periodically but only at times which are a multiple of $$p_i$$ p i . Additionally there is a finite upper bound on all $$p_i$$ p i . Manzoni and Umeo have described an algorithm for these (one-dimensional) cellular automata which solves the Firing Squad Synchronization Problem. This algorithm needs linear time (in the number of cells to be synchronized) but for many problem instances it is slower than the optimum time by some positive constant factor. In the present paper we derive lower bounds on possible synchronization times and describe an algorithm which is never slower and in some cases faster than the one by Manzoni and Umeo and which is close to a lower bound (up to a constant summand) in more cases.

Boris Krajnc in drugi kemiki na dachauskih procesih

At the University of Ljubljana, Boris Krajnc was the first habilitated teacher to cover the subject of biochemistry: he was appointed on January 5, 1946. However, Krajnc’s life ended abruptly. He was arrested on October 17, 1947 and sentenced to death on April 26, 1948 in the mounted Dachau Trial in Ljubljana. He was reportedly shot on May 12, 1948, at the age of 34. The life story of Boris Krajnc is closely linked to the work of several Slovenian chemists who were selected as prisoners at Dachau Concentration Camp to provide technical assistance in human experiments or in the clinical laboratory of the camp hospital. In the post-war period Dachau Trials in Ljubljana, a total of 8 chemists were convicted, 5 of whom were sentenced to death and executed by firing squad. In later evaluations of Dachau Trials it turned out that the charges were constructed and the confessions were obtained by cruel interrogation methods, therefore all judgements were annulled. After the emigration of the enzymologist Richard Klemen (1942) and the expulsion of Maks Samec and Marta Blinc from the university (1945), Boris Krajnc was to supervise biochemistry at the Technical Faculty. After his death, the lecturer of biochemistry was Dušan Stucin from the Medical Faculty. Later, biochemistry was absent from the chemistry curriculum for several years.

Okoliczności śmierci Jaropołka Aleksandrowicza Siemionowa w świetle autobiograficznego wiersza „Słowo do poległych”

The primary goal of the article is to introduce to the Polish audience the figure of Yaropolk Aleksandrovich Semyonov (1906–1950), a Russian-Soviet poet, literary scholar and critic, also widely unknown to his native philologists. In 1948, as a result of Stalin’s repressions, he was sent to a prison camp. After two years he was executed by a firing squad and the family was not notified of the killing. The direct cause for the arrest was his 1942 poem A word to the fallen written during the Great Patriotic War in which the author uncovered the organizational and military weakness of the Red Army and spoke negatively about his superiors – both his direct army generals and more distant ones – from the Kremlin. The poem was regarded as counter-revolutionary propaganda and, despite Semyonov’s military merits and the fact that the poem had been written six years before, the author was sentenced to a five-year stay at a prison camp. A word for the fallen is a powerful testament of ruthlessness, cynicism and bureaucracy of the Soviet system which was firmly intolerant of the truth showing its degeneration and non-humanitarian approach, a system which allowed careers to progress at any cost, even in such radical circumstances as the Great Patriotic War.

Víctor Fraiz Villanueva. Proceso a la FETE y a la escuela republicana

The repression exerted by the Franco regime on teachers mainly affected people with a left-leaning ideology who defended Republican secularism. This circumstance was quite common among the members of the Spanish Federation of Education Workers, especially among the organization’s leaders. One of these leaders was Víctor Fraiz Villanueva, a native of Pontevedra, who was court-martialed twice because of his political, union and teaching activities. He was tried in 1934 and again in 1937, and was eventually executed by a firing squad. This article examines the last three years of his life.

Witold Lutosławski: artistic portrait on the background of world wars

This article examines the life and artistic journey of the Polish composer Witold Lutosławski over the period from 1913 to 1945. Special attention is given to the fate of his father Józef who along with his brother were executed by a firing squad in September 1918, as well as to the fate of the omposer himself and his brother Henryk during the World War II. In the second part of the article, the subject of research becomes the peculiarities of musical language of W. Lutoslawski, as well as his views upon the sound structure and dramaturgical construct of the compositions. The presence of two substantive aspects in Lutoslawski’s music is proven: 1) gradual transformation of harmonious vertical due to progressive changes or addition of sounds (in combination with intonation transformations); 2) dramaturgy of sections and dramaturgy of layers. The author offers a new perspective on the works of Witold Lutosławski as the continuation G. Mahler in the area of the general concept of symphonic style, as well as in the area of intonation plot. At attempt is made to explain the peculiarity of perception of Lutosławski’s music by Russian audience in the context of comparison of the Russian and Polish mentality.

Translating Social Science for China

A firing squad executed Qu Qiubai in 1935 as he sat in the lotus position in Zhongshan Park, Changtian City, Fujian Province. Qu was thirty six years old. In over fifteen years of staggering labour, Ou established Chinese sociology as a Marxist discipline, translating and drawing from sociology of the USSR and elsewhere. He embraced social science in a hope to locate truth and amass accurate knowledge, with his cohorts even receiving graduate education in the United States, engaged in an unrelenting translation into Chinese written languages of the experience and literatures of other peoples in search for accuracy. Qu’s focus on translations, truth, language, and the role of social science in societal change helps us see the kinds of social science that developed in counter-pose to the sociology of Pax Americana.