Mycorrhizal Fungi and Potassium alleviating water stress imposed during different stages of growth in Phaseolus mungo

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Funneliformis mosseae, Acaulospora laevis and potassium (70ppm and 100ppm) on Phaseolus mungo imposed to water stress during three stages of growth. Water stress increased peroxidase activity and reduced nutrient uptake, nodulation and yield as compared to well watered plants. Our results revealed reproductive stage to be the worst stage to experience water stress as the flowers weathered away and reproductive growth shortened resulting in lesser no. of pods followed by pod formation stage during which pod abortion occurred and weight of the pods was negatively affected. Vegetative stage was found to be least affected by water stress. Treatment of plants with mycorrhizae and potassium improved antioxidant enzyme activities, nutrient uptake, nodulation and yield as compared to control. Since the plants stressed during the reproductive stage had minimum peroxidase activity, triple inoculation of plants with FAK2 resulted in maximum enhancement of peroxidase activity (0.882) among the different treatments. With the same treatment, shoot phosphorus (1.806) was found to be maximum during the pod formation stage. Root phosphorus (1.633), nodulation (23.6) and yield in terms of number (11.8) and weight of pods (6.84) were found to be maximum during vegetative stage with FAK2 followed by FAK1. Funneliformis mosseae proved to be an efficient alleviator of stress during all the stages as compared to Acaulospora laevis and either dose of potassium. Funneliformis mosseae along with K2 i.e. 100ppm was quite effective among double treatments.

Effects of Native Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Isolated on Root Biomass and Secondary Metabolites of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge

Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMFs) are a group of soil-dwelling fungi that form symbiotic associations with plants, to mediate the secondary metabolism and production of active ingredients in aromatic and medicinal plants. Currently, there is little research on Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. inoculation with native AMFs and the concomitant effects on growth and secondary metabolites. In this study, S. miltiorrhiza was treated with eight AMFs, i.e., Glomus formosanum; Gl. tenebrosum; Septoglomus constrictum; Funneliformis geosporum; Rhizophagus manihotis; Ambispora gerdemanii; Acaulospora laevis; Ac. tuberculata, to investigate the influence of AMF inoculation on biomass and secondary production under greenhouse conditions in S. miltiorrhiza roots. The results showed that mycorrhiza formation rates were between 54.83 and 86.10%. Apart from Ac. laevis and Gl. tenebrosum treatment, the roots biomass of the other treatment groups was effectively increased, and the fresh and dry weight of the plant inoculated with Fu. geosporum were increased by 86.76 and 86.95%, respectively. Specifically, AMF treatments also impacted on phenolic acids production; inoculation with both Fu. geosporum or Ac. laevis significantly reduced total phenolic acids, whereas the other treatments effectively increased these levels, of which Gl. formosanum generated significant levels. Most AMF-plant symbiotic experiments facilitated phenolic acid accumulation in the secondary metabolites of S. miltiorrhiza (except Ac. laevis). This study showed that most native AMFs inoculation with S. miltiorrhiza promoted roots growth and increased secondary metabolites production (especially phenolic acids). Going forward, inoculation of native AMF is a promising method to improve the quality and yield of S. miltiorrhiza and should be considered during production.

ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL-ASSOCIATED BACTERIA AFFECT MYCORRHIZAL COLONIZATION, ESSENTIAL OIL AND PLANT GROWTH OF Murraya koenigii L.

Murraya koenigii L. (family: Rutaceae) commonly called as curry leaf is a highly valued plant for aroma and medicinal value. The two dominant AM species Glomus mosseae and Acaulospora laevis were isolated from the rhizospheric soil of M. koenigii. A pot experiment was performed to see the interactive potential of G. mosseae and A. laevis alone or in combination with Pseudomonas fluorescens on M. koenigii. Various morphological and biochemical parameters were measured after 120 days. Overall results suggest that although, all co-inoculation treatments showed beneficial effects on all the growth, physiological and oil content. The overall results demonstrate that the co-inoculation of bioinoculants like P. fluorescens with AM fungi promotes higher AM colonization and spore number enhancing nutrient acquisition especially phosphorus (P), improving the rhizospheric condition of soil.

PROPAGACIÓN Y MICORRIZACIÓN DE PLANTAS NATIVAS CON POTENCIAL PARA RESTAURACIÓN DE SUELOS

Se presentan los resultados obtenidos al propagar e inocular con hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares a Amelanchier denticulata (tlaxistle) y Eysenhardtia polystachya (palo dulce), plantas nativas de América, que forman micorriza arbuscular y crecen en México sobre suelos someros y con escasez de nutrimentos. La propagación se hizo a partir de semillas, en vermiculita y turba mezcla (2:1). La mitad de las plantas de cada especie se inoculó con una mezcla de tres cepas de hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares aisladas de suelos de Tlaxcala: Glomus claroideum, Acaulospora laevis y A. morrowiae. El tlaxistle y el palo dulce alcanzaron valores por arriba del 40% de germinación y del 80% de supervivencia al trasplante. Aunque, los porcentajes de colonización micorrízica fueron bajos en los dos casos, menores al 10% para palo dulce y al 20% para tlaxistle, los individuos micorrizados mostraron las mejores respuestas en diámetro, altura, biomasa aérea (p<0.001) y contenido de fósforo. También se analizan algunas variables indicadoras de calidad de planta en relación a la micorrización. Se concluye que la propagación a partir de semillas es una buena estrategia para la obtención de plantas de los dos taxa estudiados y que la micorrización favorece significativamente su desarrollo inicial, ya que mejora sus rasgos de crecimiento, lo que es crítico para las plantas que serán destinadas al campo en programas de restauración.

Inoculation with Mycorrhizal Fungi and Other Microbes to Improve the Morpho-Physiological and Floral Traits of Gazania rigens (L.) Gaertn

In the present analysis, we evaluated the effect of different microbial inoculants on growth and floral responses of Gazania rigens (L.) Gaertn. Two prevailing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) i.e., Funelliformis mosseae and Acaulospora laevis, along with Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens, were examined in a pot experiment. Independent roles of these four microbes and their different combinations were used in sixteen treatments of G. rigens. The experiment was conducted in a polyhouse with five replicates per treatment in a randomized complete block design. The results of microbial inoculants were very effective for growth yield and flowering response over the control. Early flowering was noted in the combination of F. mosseae, A. laevis and P. fluorescens, which also showed the best results for flower head size, flower fresh and dry weight, total chlorophyll, carotene and phosphorus content. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) root colonization (%) and AM spore number were also the highest for the same treatment, whereas the number of leaves, number of buds and root length were maximum in the combined treatment (F. mosseae + A. laevis + T. viride + P. fluorescens). Overall, this study proposes that growers should consider microbial inoculants for the better yield and flower quality of G. rigens.

Diversidad e infectividad de hongos micorrícicos arbusculares nativos provenientes de algarrobales del Parque Chaqueño argentino con características edafoclimáticas contrastantes

<p class="normal">En ambientes severos, la presencia de hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) es clave para la supervivencia de las plantas y el balance ecosistémico. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar los hongos micorrícicos presentes en sitios de algarrobales (<em>Prosopis alba</em>) del Parque Chaqueño argentino de condiciones climáticas contrastantes: húmedo, Colonia Benítez, y semiárido, Padre Lozano. Los sitios de Colonia Benítez y Padre Lozano presentaron diferencias edafológicas significativas, destacándose el menor contenido de materia orgánica y fósforo, y el mayor porcentaje de sodio intercambiable en Colonia Benítez, asociados a una mayor capacidad infectiva y mayor potencial micorrícico de inóculo. En los suelos sólo se encontró una especie común: <em>Acaulospora laevis</em>, propia de ambientes áridos. En los inóculos se registraron tres especies en común: <em>Funneliformis mosseae</em>, <em>Rhizophagus intraradices</em>, <em>Claroideoglomus</em> <em>etunicatum</em>; dos especies exclusivas de Colonia Benítez, <em>Septoglomus constrictum </em>y <em>Rhizophagus clarus</em>; y dos especies exclusivas de Padre Lozano, <em>Claroideoglomus claroideum</em> y <em>Diversispora spurca</em>. Este es el primer estudio en Argentina en el cual se reporta la diversidad de HMA en suelos de algarrobales y se mide la infectividad de los suelos y de los inóculos obtenidos a partir de esos suelos.</p>

Inoculación micorrízico arbuscular en portainjertos de plantas de aguacate cv ‘Hass’ en viveros de Michoacán, México

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el desempeño de 12 inoculantes de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) en el desarrollo de portainjertos de plantas de aguacate cv. ‘Hass’ en etapa de vivero. El experimento fue llevado a cabo en Uruapan, Michoacán, México, utilizanso plantas de 60 días de edad, recientemente injertados. Los 12 tratamientos se distribuyeron en un diseño completamente al aleatorio, con 6 repeticiones: A) Gigaspora gigantea; B) Acaulospora delicata; C) Rhizophagus fasciculatus (foráneo); D) Consorcio de Veracruz MTZ1-UV; E) Rhizophagus fasciculatus; F) Rhizophagus irregularis 28-A; G) comunidad nativa de AMF; H) Rhizophagus irregularis (MUCL); I) Rhizophagus fasciculatus + Azospirillum; J) Sclerocystis aff. rubiformis; K) Acaulospora laevis; L) Scutellospora pellucida; y M) testigo. La altura de las plantas, diámetro de los tallos y número de hojas fueron medidos cada 2 semanas durante 5 meses, después de lo cual las plantas fueron cosechadas y se dtermino el peso seco del tallo y de la raíz. Las mediciones periódicas a lo largo del experimento, demostraron que Acaulospora delicata y el testigo tuvieron un mejor desempeño en la altura de las plantas, Scutellospora pellucida en lo referente al diámetro del tallo y el testigo en el número de hojas. En la cosecha, las plantas inoculadas con Rhizophagus intraradices 28-A y Scutellospora pellucida tuvieron 2 veces más peso del tallo y de la raíz con relación a los otros tratamientos. Además, se concluye que la inoculación del cuello de la raíz de las plantas recientemente injertadas, mostró respuestas claras a la inoculación con cepas eficientes de hongos micorrízicos, aunque pasaron 6 meses para que las diferencias fueran evidentes.

Growth Response of TwoPhaseolus mungoL. Cultivars Induced by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi andTrichoderma viride

The present investigation aimed to quantify the difference in response of twoPhaseolus mungoL. cultivars (i.e., UH-1 and IPU-94-1) toGlomus mosseae(G), that is,Funneliformis mosseae,Acaulospora laevis(A), andTrichoderma viride(T), in different combinations or alone. All the treatments were inoculated withBradyrhizobium japonicumto ensure nodulation as soil used in the experiment was sterilized. After 120 days of inoculation, plants were analyzed for chlorophyll content, nodulation, mycorrhization, leaf area, and protein content. Results indicate variation in growth response of two cultivars with different treatments. Triple inoculation of plants with G + A + T proved to be the best treatment for growth followed by G + T in both cultivars. Our work allowed the selection ofP. mungoL. cultivar UH-1 as highly mycorrhizal responsive as compared to IPU-94-1 andG. mosseaeto be an efficient bioinoculant as compared toA. laevisfor growth enhancement ofP. mungo. Further characterization ofP. mungogenotypes will enhance our knowledge of physiological and genetic mechanism behind increase in plant growth and yield due to AM symbiosis.

Role of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on tolerance to salinity of the tree legume Albizia lebbeck (L.) inoculated by Rhizobium

Myrica esculenta (Myricaceae) and Syzygium cumini(Myrtaceae), the Indian traditional fruits The effect of different level of salinity on growth, nodulation and Nitrogen fixation of single and dual inoculated tree legumes which help arbascular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Acaulospora laevis Gerd. and Trappe with Rhizobium bacteria in the presence of different levels of salinity (concentration of NaCl) conducted in earthen pots in a completely randomized block design with three replications resulted in effective plant growth, shoot and root biomasses, nodulation and N2 fixation. The effect of different levels of salinity (concentration of NaCl) on growth, nodulation and N2 fixation of single (Rhizobium or AMF alone) and dual inoculated (Rhizobium + AMF ) tree legume has a pot culture experiment using The parameter growth , nodulation, nitrogen fixation and % AMF colonization of roots were considerable influenced with the increase in salt concentration from 0.5 % to 4.0 % NaCl. It was observed that the mycorrhizal tree legume (inoculated with the most preferred AMF Acaulospora laevis) performed better in the increasing levels of salinity in comparison to non-mycorrhozal ones. These investigations suggested a protective role play by AMF in providing resistance to the tree legume against injurious effects of salinity. Inoculation of efficient strain of AMF (Acaulospora laevis) during the course of study, prevented the injurious effects of salinity in the test plants due to enhanced water and sustainable nutrient uptake thereby promoting growth, nodulation and biogeochemical N2 cycle (fixation of nitrogen) of the tree legume under investigation.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal technology for the growth enhancement of micropropagated Spilanthes acmella Murr

Spilanthes acmella (Asteraceae) is an endangered ornamental cum medicinal annual herb. This study reports on the effect of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae and Acaulospora laevis) applied either alone or in combination on post-transplanting performance of micropropagated S. acmella. Complete plantlets of S.&nbsp;acmella were raised by direct organogenesis from nodal explants on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with various cytokinins. S. acmella plantlets responded to all three mycorrhizal treatments in a significantly different way. G. mosseae enhanced the survival rate of S. acmella plantlets to 100%. Plant height, plant spread, number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, biomass production, and chlorophyll content were significantly higher in AM inoculated plantlets as compared to the uninoculated ones. This clearly demonstrates that AM inoculation improved not only the survival rate of micropropagated plantlets but also their growth and biomass yield. &nbsp;