Interaction and Grammar: Predicative Adjective Constructions in English Conversation

This article studies the function of Copular Predicate Constructions in everyday English conversation. We compare predicate adjective constructions (PA) and constructions with a predicate nominal containing an adjective (PAN). We ask whether the attributive function of the adjective or the presence of a noun in the PAN leads to a difference in function in the two constructions. We propose that in most cases the adjective determines the function of the construction, leading to many parallels in usage between the PA and PAN constructions. A comparison with predicate nominal constructions (PN), in contrast, shows that not including an adjective in the constructions leads to a different set of meanings and implications. The conversational usage of these constructions provides evidence for a partial correspondence of form to function: Copular Predicate Constructions often constitute a complete turn in conversation, and if not a full turn, form their own prosodic units. Other properties of these constructions—the definiteness of the NP and the presence or absence of a N—correspond to different interactional work. A comparison of all three constructions shows that the adjective plays a determining interactional role, despite differences in syntactic configuration.

Perceived pain during rapid maxillary expansion in children with different expanders:

ABSTRACT Objectives To evaluate and compare the intensity of pain caused by rapid maxillary expansion (RME) with two expanders: Hyrax and Haas type, in growing patients. Materials and Methods Thirty-nine patients (23 girls and 16 boys) with an average age of 9.3 years (SD = 1.39 years) were randomized into two groups and treated with Hyrax- and Haas-type expanders. In both groups, initial activation of the expander screw was one full turn on the first day followed by 2/4 of a turn two times a day (morning and night) for 7 days. Inclusion criteria were patients presenting with a posterior crossbite or maxillary atresia between 7 and 12 years old. To evaluate the intensity of pain during the active phase of the treatment, a combination of the Numerical Rating Scale and Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale was used. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the two treatment groups. Results There was significant inverse correlation between days following insertion and pain. During the expansion period, 100% of the children reported some pain. Hyrax expander subjects reported greater pain than those treated with the Haas-type expander only on the first day. The level of pain remained greater in girls throughout treatment. Conclusions Pain was reported regardless of the type of expander and was higher in the Hyrax group only on the first day of activation.

Development of the Industrial Robot Electric Drive Model

Currently, the penetration of industrial robots into all sectors of the economy is increasing. However, there is an acute problem of conducting preliminary tests. The use of the digital twin as a replacement for the industrial robot is driven by high economic costs. In order to reduce the cost of the project, a solution is proposed to conduct preliminary tests on the developed model. The article developed a mathematical model of one of the drives of the industrial robot manipulator Yaskawa Motoman MH50-35. The model is suitable for researching the movement of the robot' tool. A mathematical description of a permanent magnet synchronous motor SGMJV-09A in a rotating coordinate system is given and a block diagram of the power part of the drive is made. A system for regulating the position of the robot's tool with a nonlinear position controller has been synthesized. Based on the results of modeling the operation of an electric drive in the Matlab Simulink environment, the degree of correspondence of the developed model to a real object was assessed and conclusions were drawn about the limits of its applicability for studying the operation of an electric drive of a robotic arm. The accuracy of working out the task for turning the wrist is 0.0001 rad, there is no overshoot in position, and the time for completing a full turn of the tool is 1.07 s.

ROUSSEAU’S “SOCIAL CONTRACT” AND THE CONCEPT OF ALIENATION

The article actualizes the problem of the possibilities of achieving freedom in civil society. The authors consider this problem through the analysis of the conceptual essence of the phenomenon of “social contract” in its relationship with the concept of alienation. Purpose of the article: to analyze the concept of alienation in versatile historical interpretations of historical and socio-philosophical thought. The article examines the views of Rousseau on the relationship between citizens and the state. The texts of Hobbes, Locke, Hegel and Marx, which considered the concept of alienation, are analyzed. The article substantiates the escalation significance of the socio-philosophical understanding of the state of “civil” freedom, analyzes the essence of the general logic of legal consciousness, identifies the main positions of Rousseau’s concept, which defines a social contract as a dialectical unity of alienated potentials that form a dynamic whole “political machine”. The article also details the positions of Hobbes, Locke, Hegel and Marx, given in comparison with the views of Rousseau. The category of “alienation” is analyzed in the context of specific relations between the subject and his definite function, arising as a result of the loss of the initial integrity/unity and being a predictor of the impoverishment of the nature of the subject itself, leading to the transformation of the function itself. The article concludes about the relevance of Rousseau’s theory of alienation for socio-philosophical knowledge. The authors come to the conclusion that the concept of alienation in versatile historical interpretations makes a full turn before returning to its most “balanced” interpretation - Rousseau’s “social contract”. These provisions remain relevant today. The social contract destroys the “natural” generic quality of a person - to be free, alienating her arbitrary, and often just random gifts in favor of a voluntary association that rationally uses all possible and ultimate values of this ideal and real state of a person burdened with social duty.

A DNA translocase operates by cycling between planar and lock-washer structures

Ring ATPases that translocate disordered polymers possess lock-washer architectures that they impose on their substrates during transport via a hand-over-hand mechanism. Here, we investigate the operation of ring motors that transport substrates possessing a preexisting helical structure, such as the bacteriophage ϕ29 dsDNA packaging motor. During each cycle, this pentameric motor tracks one helix strand (the ‘tracking strand’), and alternates between two segregated phases: a dwell in which it exchanges ADP for ATP and a burst in which it packages a full turn of DNA in four steps. We challenge this motor with DNA-RNA hybrids and dsRNA substrates and find that it adapts the size of its burst to the corresponding shorter helical pitches by keeping three of its power strokes invariant while shortening the fourth. Intermittently, the motor loses grip when the tracking strand is RNA, indicating that it makes load-bearing contacts with the substrate that are optimal with dsDNA. The motor possesses weaker grip when ADP-bound at the end of the burst. To rationalize all these observations, we propose a helical inchworm translocation mechanism in which the motor increasingly adopts a lock-washer structure during the ATP loading dwell and successively regains its planar form with each power stroke during the burst.

A rotary plasmonic nanoclock

One of the fundamental challenges in nanophotonics is to gain full control over nanoscale optical elements. The precise spatiotemporal arrangement determines their interactions and collective behavior. To this end, DNA nanotechnology is employed as an unprecedented tool to create nanophotonic devices with excellent spatial addressability and temporal programmability. However, most of the current DNA-assembled nanophotonic devices can only reconfigure among random or very few defined states. Here, we demonstrate a DNA-assembled rotary plasmonic nanoclock. In this system, a rotor gold nanorod can carry out directional and reversible 360° rotation with respect to a stator gold nanorod, transitioning among 16 well-defined configurations powered by DNA fuels. The full-turn rotation process is monitored by optical spectroscopy in real time. We further demonstrate autonomous rotation of the plasmonic nanoclock powered by DNAzyme-RNA interactions. Such assembly approaches pave a viable route towards advanced nanophotonic systems entirely from the bottom-up.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ENERGY CONSUMED BY NEEDLE BAR MECHANISM AND THE MECHANISM DRIVING THE FEED DOG OF A TOP DRIVE SEWING MACHINE

The paper focuses on the energy consumed by two mechanisms of sewing machine for straight lockstitch (stitch line 301): needle driving mechanism and the transporting mechanism. The first mechanism - needle driving, is a simple structure, but it is the most dynamic one. The second – to moving the fabrics, is the most complicated mechanism of the sewing machine. A comparative analysis of the energy consumed by the two mechanisms for the implementation of their propulsion is made. The correct work of the machine, the seam quality and the quality of the entire sewing product depend to a large extent, on the workings of these two mechanisms. The needle is driven by a slider-crank mechanism, while for the movement of the connected details, at the distance one step is done by a working part – a feed dog. It is attached to a carrier and its trajectory is a closed planar curve, close to the ellipse. The feed dog receives the horizontal and vertical component of its motion from two conditionally separate kinematic chains that have a common drive.The aim is analytical research and comparative analysis of the energies of needle bar mechanism and a mechanism driving the feed dog of the sewing machine. The energy consumed by each of the links of chains, of the chains themselves and total energy consumed by each of the two mechanisms for a full turn of the main shaft of the machine was studied. A comparative analysis of the energies and their distribution was carried out during the working process and the free movement of each of them. The results of the comparative analysis are presented in graphs and diagrams. It can be seen that the energy consumed by the needle mechanism is significantly greater than that of the transport mechanism. This fact is due to the much higher speeds of the links of the first one.