Of Old Men, Country Clubs, and Atrocities: The Visualities and Externalities of Detaining Elderly Human Rights Violators in Chile

This article explores a pair of powerful but competing symbols in the Chilean human transitional justice process: ‘pobres viejitos’ (poor little old men) and country club prisons. The symbol of the ‘pobres viejitos’ is used very effectively by conservative elements of Chilean society to argue the futility or even inhumanity of punishing perpetrators of human right violations so long after the commission of their crimes. In turn, to victims and more liberal segments of society, the country club or ‘five star’ prison for human rights violators stands as a symbol of impunity and the failure of the Chilean state to do justice for the crimes of the dictatorship. This article examines the power of these symbols in undermining support for transitional justice efforts, as well as the externalities of the debate. The fate of the ‘pobres viejitos’ and whether to release the from even their relatively comfortable places of confinement has bled into debates on penal reform for other elderly prisoners. This mostly negative externality suggests the need for international and regional courts (or countries not in the throes of transitional justice processes, particularly delayed ones) to lead the way on the articulation of human rights norms related to the trial and punishment of elderly prisoners.

The influence of the grass mixture composition on the quality and suitability for football pitches

The selection of grass mixtures with appropriate visual and functional parameters for sowing football fields is a key element in shaping the sports infrastructure, ensuring the spectacularity of a match and comfort for players. The aim of the research was to investigate the properties of lawn grass mixtures and their suitability for football pitches. The experiment was conducted at the Toya Golf & Country Club (51° 20′ E, 17° 07′ N), Wrocław, Poland, between 2007 and 2009. 12 grass mixtures were selected, mainly based on red fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, and perennial ryegrass. The assessment was carried out using a nine-point scale, according to the Plant Variety Office methodology for crops and turf grass. Six features of sports turf were studied: appearance, density, colour, leaf fineness, overwintering, and susceptibility to disease and they significantly varied, depending on the grass mixture and the year of research. Our study showed that mixtures based on the dominance of meadow grass were characterized by higher values of the general visual aspect, colour and slenderness of the leaf blade and these based on the dominance of perennial ryegrass and co-dominance of perennial ryegrass and meadow grass were the most useful in terms of wintering, resistance to diseases and sodding.

MARKETING NO FUTEBOL: UM RELATO DO MARKETING PESSOAL DO LATERAL ZECA

To think of sports in Brazil is to think of soccer. A passion that connects thousands of Brazilians, regardless of race, age or sex. A soccer team is not just a team, because the players that make it up become great myths and heroes in the eyes of the general public. The image of the athlete creates an identity for both the club and the fans, yielding big contracts and personality references. In this sense, this article explores this personal marketing scenario, of left winger José Carlos Cracco Neto, better known as Zeca. The young athlete, 23 years old, is a reference in the position and was a starter in the Brazilian team in the conquest of the unprecedented title of the 2016 Rio Olympics. Thus, this paper is built from concepts established by authors related to the theme, supported by three interviews: the athlete under study, as the main source, along with the marketing professionals Alex Fernandes, coordinator of Institutional partnerships of Santos Futebol Clube and Vinicius de Paula, marketing manager of the São Paulo country club, Mirassol F.C

‘A method for safe transmission’: the microscope slides of the American Postal Microscopical Club

In the 1870s, microscopy societies began to proliferate in the United States. Most of these societies attracted microscopists from surrounding cities, but the American Postal Microscopical Club, modelled on the British Postal Microscopical Society, used the postal system to connect microscopists scattered across the country. Club members exchanged microscope slides and notes following a chain-letter system. The main objective of the club was to teach its members how to make permanent slides. Preparation and mounting methods required technical skill, which was, as even club members had to admit, difficult to learn without personal instruction. Yet members developed ways to share craft knowledge through the post. Drawing on the private notes of a member and published reports on the slides circulated, this paper challenges the widespread assumption that the generation of craft knowledge depended on the co-location of artisans. It argues that microscopists’ knowledge of preparation methods was intertwined with their skill in building and navigating information infrastructures, and that by tracing these infrastructures we gain a better understanding of how craft knowledge travelled in the late nineteenth century.

DINÂMICA DO POTÁSSIO, CLORO E FÓSFORO EM SOLO DA REGIÃO DO SUBMÉDIO DO VALE DO RIO SÃO FRANCISCO

DINÂMICA DO POTÁSSIO, CLORO E FÓSFORO EM SOLO DA REGIÃO DO SUBMÉDIO DO VALE DO RIO SÃO FRANCISCO PEDRO ROBINSON FERNANDES DE MEDEIROS1; MARAÍSA DA SILVA FERREIRA2; JARBAS HONÓRIO DE MIRANDA3; MIGUEL JÚLIO MACHADO GUIMARÃES4; ALLAN CUNHA BARROS5 E CLÁUDIO AUGUSTO UYEDA6 1 Colegiado de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco – Campus Juazeiro, Av. Antônio C. Magalhães, 510 - Country Club, Juazeiro - BA, CEP: 48902-300. Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco – Campus Juazeiro, Av. Antônio C. Magalhães, 510 - Country Club, Juazeiro - BA, CEP: 48902-300. Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. 3 Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba - SP, CEP 13418-900. Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. 4 Colegiado de Agronomia, Instituto Federal do Maranhão - Campus São Raimundo das Mangabeiras., Rod. Transamazônica, sn, São Raimundo das Mangabeiras - MA, CEP: 65840-000. Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. 5 Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas – Campus Arapiraca, Av. Manoel Severino Barbosa - Bom Sucesso, Arapiraca - AL, CEP: 57309-005. Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. 6 Departamento de Desenvolvimento Educacional, Instituto Federal do Pernambuco - Campus Vitória do Santo Antão, End.: Propriedade Terra Preta, s/n, Zona Rural, Vitória de Santo Antão - PE, CEP: 55602-970. Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. 1 RESUMO Os modelos matemáticos podem ser usados para entender a dinâmica dos íons no solo, em função principalmente da mobilidade da fração liquida em ralação a fração sólida. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o deslocamento miscível dos íons potássio, cloro e fósforo, em colunas de PVC preenchidas com Argissolo Amarelo Distrófico típico (PAd) em diferentes densidades, utilizando como ferramenta adicional, o modelo matemático STANMOD (STudio of ANalytical MODels) para o ajuste numérico das Breakthrough Curves (BTC). Os ensaios foram realizados no Laboratório de Irrigação da UNIVASF Campus Juazeiro-BA, utilizando-se colunas de PVC nas profundidades (alturas) de 0,10; 0,20 e 0,30 m e nas densidades de 1,30; 1,50 e 1,70 g cm-3. Utilizou-se solução com concentração de 1000 mg L-1 contendo os fertilizantes Cloreto de Potássio (58% de K2O e 39% de Cl) e Superfosfato Simples (8% de P2O5, 16% de Cálcio (Ca) e 8% de Enxofre (S)). Os resultados permitiram concluir que os íons potássio, cloro e fósforo tiveram uma elevada mobilidade no Argissolo Amarelo Distrófico típico (PAd) apresentando um menor valor do fator de retardamento (R) e um maior número de Peclet (P). O modelo STANMOD apresentou desempenho satisfatório no ajuste numérico das Breakthrough Curves (BTC´s). Palavras-chave: dispersividade, curvas de avanço de íons, dinâmica de solutos, STANMOD MEDEIROS, P. R. F.; FERREIRA, M. S.; MIRANDA, J. H.; GUIMARÃES, M. J. M.; BARROS, A. C.; UYEDA, C. A. IONS DYNAMICS IN POTASSIUM, CHLORINE AND PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS IN THE SÃO FRANCISCO RIVER VALLEY 2 ABSTRACT Mathematical models can be used to understand the dynamics of ions in the soil, mainly due to the mobility of the liquid fraction in relation to the solid fraction. The objective was to measure the miscible displacement of potassium, chlorine and phosphorus ions in PVC columns filled with typical Dystrophic Yellow Argisol (PAd) in different densities, using the mathematical model STANMOD (Analytical Model Studio) as an additional tool Numeric Advance Curves (BTC). The tests were conducted at the Irrigation Laboratory of UNIVASF Campus Juazeiro-BA, using PVC columns at depths (heights) of 0.10; 0.20 and 0.30 m and densities of 1.30; 1.50 and 1.70 g cm-3. A solution with a concentration of 1000 mg L-1 containing the fertilizers Potassium chloride (58% K2O and 39% Cl) and Simple Superphosphate (8% P2O5, 16% Calcium (Ca) and 8% Sulfur) was used. (S)). The results allowed to conclude that the potassium, chlorine and phosphorus ions had high mobility in the typical Yellow Dystrophic Argisol (PAd), reducing a lower value of the delay factor (R) and a greater number of Peclet (P). The STANMOD model presents satisfactory performance without numerical adjustment of Breakthrough Curves (BTC´s). Keywords: dispersive, ion advance curves, solute dynamics, STANMOD

Loss Aversion in Professional Golf

We examine loss aversion in the context of professional golf at US Open tournaments. In particular, we analyze data from two courses, Pebble Beach Golf Links and Oakmont Country Club, where they have hosted six and five US Opens, respectively. The United States Golf Association changed the par rating of a hole on each course from a par 5 to a par 4, without fundamentally altering the hole, in each US Open hosted by these courses since 2000. In this natural experimental setting, we find evidence of significant loss-aversive behavior in the world’s best golfers based solely on par rating.

Variáveis projetuais e o fazer arquitetônico: dois projetos feitos e refeitos por Ícaro de Castro Mello | Design variables and the architectural task: two designs made and remade by Ícaro de Castro Mello

Como arquitetos estabelecem sua estratégia proje­tual? Em que medida fatores externos pesam nas decisões relacionadas ao fazer arquitetônico? Para responder a essas questões, este artigo recorre a um múltiplo estudo de caso e aproxima dois projetos arquitetônicos elaborados pelo mesmo arquiteto, Ícaro de Castro Mello, que acabaram substituídos por versões diferentes também concebidas por ele. Com foco no método projetual, são apresentadas as duas propostas para o Country Club de Maringá (1958 e 1962) e para o Umuarama Country Club (1963 e 1969) e são investigados os motivos pelos quais as propostas iniciais foram refeitas, formal­mente simplificadas e numericamente reduzidas, valendo-se de técnicas construtivas, formas e mate­riais distintos. Enquanto a primeira versão era uma expressão da arquitetura filiada à plástica purista, a segunda refletiu a inflexão que se notou na arquitetura pós-Brasília, pautada pelas concepções estruturais e pela industrialização da construção. Ao considerar as variáveis envolvidas no projeto arquitetônico (entorno físico, acomodação funcio­nal, contexto social e simbolização cultural), este artigo expõe como elas foram articuladas no pro­cesso de projeto e influenciaram o resultado final, para além das afinidades estilísticas. Recorrendo a documentos originais e inéditos, ao redesenho dos projetos e à análise formal, este trabalho contribui para a história da arquitetura moderna no Brasil e incrementa o debate sobre metodologia de projeto.

BIOMETRIA DE DIFERENTES VARIEDADES DE CANA CULTIVADA EM SISTEMA PLANTIO DIRETO E PREPARO REDUZIDO1

BIOMETRIA DE DIFERENTES VARIEDADES DE CANA CULTIVADA EM SISTEMA PLANTIO DIRETO E PREPARO REDUZIDO1 SÁLVIO NAPOLEÃO SOARES ARCOVERDE2, CRISTIANO MÁRCIO ALVES DE SOUZA2, HIDEO DE JESUS NAGAHAMA3, WESLLEY RODRIGUES SANTOS4 1Extraído da tese do primeiro autor intitulada: Atributos físicos e desempenho de cultivares de cana-de-açúcar em um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico submetido a dois sistemas de preparo. 2 Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 79.804-970, Caixa-Postal: 533, Dourados, MS, Brasil. [email protected]; [email protected] 3 Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Av. Antônio C. Magalhães, 510, Country Club, CEP:48902-300, Juazeiro, BA, Brasil. [email protected] 4 Atvos, Fazenda São Sebastião, Unidade Santa Luzia, Rodovia BR 267, Km 231, CEP: 79140-000, Nova Alvorada do Sul, MS, Brasil. [email protected] RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento de oito cultivares de cana-de-açúcar cultivadas em um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico, sob dois sistemas de preparo conservacionistas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo dois preparos do solo (plantio direto e preparo reduzido) e oito cultivares de cana-de-açúcar, com quatro repetições. Durante o ciclo de cana-planta, foram avaliadas as variáveis de crescimento: altura de colmo, diâmetro de colmo e número de perfilhos por metro. A cultivar RB966928 apresentou maior perfilhamento durante o desenvolvimento inicial, obtendo o mesmo resultado na colheita juntamente com a RB965902, a RB985476 e a RB855156, em ambos os preparos; época em que houve maior número de perfilhos por metro em plantio direto. Durante o desenvolvimento inicial, maiores alturas de colmos foram obtidas na RB036066 e na RB975242 que, juntamente com a RB966928, a RB985476, a RB855536 e a RB975201 apresentaram maiores valores durante a colheita em ambos os preparos do solo. As cultivares RB975242, RB975201 e RB985476 apresentaram maior diâmetro de colmo durante o desenvolvimento inicial, porém, na colheita, as oito cultivares não se diferenciaram em plantio direto e, em preparo reduzido, apenas a RB985476 foi superior à RB965902. Palavras-chaves: preparo do solo, altura de colmo, número de perfilhos. BIOMETRICS OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF SUGARCANE CULTIVATED UNDER NO-TILLAGE AND REDUCED TILLAGE ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth of eight sugarcane cultivars cultivated in an Oxisol, under two conservation systems. The experimental design was completely randomized in a split plots scheme, with two soil tillage (no-tillage and reduced tillage) and eight sugarcane cultivars with four replicates. During the cane-plant cycle, the growth variables were evaluated: stem height, diameter and number of tillers per meter. The cultivar RB966928 showed higher tillering during initial development, obtaining the same result at harvest along with RB965902, RB985476 and RB855156, in both preparations; when there was a greater number of tillers per meter in no-tillage. During initial development, larger stem heights were obtained in RB036066 and RB975242, than with RB966928, RB985476, RB855536 and RB975201 showed higher values during harvesting in both soil preparations. The cultivars RB975242, RB975201 and RB985476 showed higher stem diameter during initial development, however, at harvest the eight cultivars did not differentiate in no-tillage and, in reduced tillage, only RB985476 was superior to RB965902. Keywords: soil tillage, stalks height, number of tillers.