Suplementasi Mineral Cu dan Zn dalam Pakan terhadap Organ Dalam dan Lemak Abdomen Ayam Broiler

This experiment was design to evaluate the effects of supplementation of Zn and Cu in inorganic or organic form on broiler’s percentage of giblets and abdominal fat of 35-day-old broiler chickens. The experiment used a completely randomized design with two treatments, 17 replicates and 32 birds per pen (816 female and 272 male). The treatments based on the type of mineral i.e. inorganic (T1) and organic (T2). The types of mineral did not affected the weight and percentage of weight of bursa fabricius, lymph, heart, bile gland, kidney, and abdominal fat. The types of mineral did not affected the weight of thymus, liver, proventriculus, pancreas, and gizzard, but were affected their percentage of weight (p<0.05). The types of mineral were affected the length and percentage of weight of duodenum, jejunum,and ileum (p<0.05) . The types of mineral were affected the length of secca, but did not affected its percentage of weight (p<0.05). The types of mineral did not affected the length of colon, but were affected its percentage of weight (p<0.05). The supplementation of mineral Cu and Zn in organic form has better absorption of nutrient and positive effect to health of chickens in stress due to heat stress. Key words: broiler, copper, inorganik mineral, organik mineral, zinc

Role of VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 in developmental lymphangiogenesis, a chemicogenetic study in Xenopus tadpoles

The importance of the lymphangiogenic factor VEGF-D and its receptor VEGFR-3 in early lymphatic development remains largely unresolved. We therefore investigated their role in Xenopus laevis tadpoles, a small animal model allowing chemicogenetic dissection of developmental lymphangiogenesis. Single morpholino antisense oligo knockdown of xVEGF-D did not affect lymphatic commitment, but transiently impaired lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) migration. Notably, combined knockdown of xVEGF-D with xVEGF-C at suboptimal morpholino concentrations resulted in more severe migration defects and lymphedema formation than the corresponding single knockdowns. Knockdown of VEGFR-3 or treatment with the VEGFR-3 inhibitor MAZ51 similarly impaired lymph vessel formation and function and caused pronounced edema. VEGFR-3 silencing by morpholino knockdown, MAZ51 treatment, or xVEGF-C/D double knockdown also resulted in dilation and dysfunction of the lymph heart. These findings document a critical role of VEGFR-3 in embryonic lymphatic development and function, and reveal a previously unrecognized modifier role of VEGF-D in the regulation of embryonic lymphangiogenesis in frog embryos.

Physiological analysis of the lymphatic system in the eastern painted turtle (Chrysemys picta picta)

Examination into the anuran lymphatic system has led to a comprehensive understanding of lymphatics, including the importance of synchrony in fluid-balance maintenance. However, little research has been conducted on the lymphatics of turtles and other reptilian vertebrates. Using pressure-peak recordings created through cannulation of both lymph hearts of the eastern painted turtle, Chrysemys picta picta (Schneider, 1783), the lymph heart contraction rate was verified and the interbeat interval patterns were examined using Poincaré plots. The lymph heart beating rate was determined to be 38.2 beats·min–1 with a mean pulse pressure of 2.40 ± 1.44 mm Hg (1 mm Hg at 0 °C = 133.3224 Pa). Poincaré plots are useful in displaying nonlinear sequential data and are often given descriptive names related to the overall pattern. The Poincaré plot resembled a garden hose nozzle spray, indicating a large variability in interbeat time intervals with periods of multiple-beat patterns. The degree of bilateral lymph heart synchrony was determined in the turtle using the mean time difference between right and left lymph heart systoles. Results show that chelonian lymph hearts do in fact beat in synchrony, with over 50% of contractions occurring within 100 ms of each other. This indicates shared neuronal control and may suggest an energetic advantage to fluid homeostasis.