SOLAS 2009 STABILITY REQUIREMENTS: IMPLEMENTATION

January 2009 saw the introduction of substantial changes to SOLAS, commonly referred to as SOLAS 2009. Not only have significant parts of Chapter II-1 completely changed, but so have the methodologies for assessing survivability of certain ship types. This paper provides an overview of some of the main topics and how Lloyd’s Register is adapting to provide necessary industry solutions and support, immediately and into the future. It provides an insight into the probabilistic requirements, our approval processes, developments and our participation in defining industry standards. It is evident in this paper that the discussions predominantly revolve around passenger ships. This is due to their complexity and the conflict between the new regulations for survivability assessment moving from a restrained deterministic requirement to a risk-based probabilistic solution. It also highlights real issues over the difficulties of implementing this methodology. This conflict in overall design is less pronounced for dry cargo ships, which did not have to comply with a general damage stability standard until 1992 when the probabilistic concept was introduced for dry cargo ships only. Under SOLAS 2009, a modified requirement has been implemented. However, the fundamental issues remain the same.

Three-Mode Fuzzy Co-Clustering Based on Probabilistic Concept and Comparison with FCM-Type Algorithms

Three-mode fuzzy co-clustering is a promising technique for analyzing relational co-occurrence information among three mode elements. The conventional FCM-type algorithms achieved simultaneous fuzzy partition of three mode elements based on the fuzzy c-means (FCM) concept, and then, they often suffer from careful tuning of three independent fuzzification parameters. In this paper, a novel three-mode fuzzy co-clustering algorithm is proposed by modifying the conventional aggregation criterion of three elements based on a probabilistic concept. The fuzziness degree of three-mode partition can be easily tuned only with a single parameter under the guideline of the probabilistic standard. The characteristic features of the proposed method are compared with the conventional algorithms through numerical experiments using an artificial dataset and are demonstrated in application to a real world dataset of MovieLens movie evaluation data.

Pseudo-dimension of quantum circuits

We characterize the expressive power of quantum circuits with the pseudo-dimension, a measure of complexity for probabilistic concept classes. We prove pseudo-dimension bounds on the output probability distributions of quantum circuits; the upper bounds are polynomial in circuit depth and number of gates. Using these bounds, we exhibit a class of circuit output states out of which at least one has exponential gate complexity of state preparation, and moreover demonstrate that quantum circuits of known polynomial size and depth are PAC-learnable.

Algebras with two multiplications and their cumulants

Cumulants are a notion that comes from the classical probability theory; they are an alternative to a notion of moments. We adapt the probabilistic concept of cumulants to the setup of a linear space equipped with two multiplication structures. We present an algebraic formula which involves those two multiplications as a sum of products of cumulants. In our approach, beside cumulants, we make use of standard combinatorial tools as forests and their colourings. We also show that the resulting statement can be understood as an analogue of Leonov–Shiryaev’s formula. This purely combinatorial presentation leads to some conclusions about structure constant of Jack characters.

Analisa Intact Stability dan Damage Stability pada Kapal Ro-Ro Ukuran Besar di Perairan Indonesia Berdasarkan IS CODE 2008

Kapal penumpang feri Ro-Ro merupakan moda transportasi yang cukup efisien dan efektif. Karena bisa mengangkut manusia, kendaraan, dan muatan secara bersamaan. Akan tetapi kapal jenis ini masih banyak memiliki kekurangan berupa kondisi kapal feri Ro-Ro yang saat ini beroperasi di indonesia, di mana kebanyakan geladak kendaraan tidak kedap air karena banyaknya bukaan yang ada di sekeliling kapal sehingga apabila dihitung stabilitasnya baik intact maupun damage akan berpengaruh dalam memenuhi kriteria sesuai ketentuan IMO. Metode yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini adalah menggunakan software komputasi numerik yaitu maxsurf. Kriteria yang digunakan dalam analisa stabilitas intact dan damage menggunakan IS CODE 2008 MSC.267(85) Code on intacts stability Part B For Passengers dan SOLAS 2009 Chapter II-1 Resolution MSC.281 (85) (based on the probabilistic concept). Hasil analisa intact stability untuk kapal Ro-Ro 1000 GT (61.30 m), dan 5000 GT (109.40 m) telah memenuhi kriteria pada 3 kondisi dengan max GZ melebihi dari 250. Analisa damage stability yang menggunakan konsep problabilistik dengan perhitungan indek subdivisi R (required subdivision index), dan A (attained subdivison index), di mana nilai indeks A harus lebih besar atau sama dengan nilai indeks R (A≥R). Nilai indeks R dipengaruhi oleh jumlah penumpang kapal dan panjang ls, sedangkan nilai indeks A dipengaruhi oleh faktor pi dan si. Hasil perhitungan pada kedua kapal yaitu, kapal Ro-Ro 1000 GT dengan indek R = 0,69405 dan indek A= 0,7207, dan kapal Ro-Ro 5000 GT dengan indek R = 0,71449 dan indek A = 0,8679. Hasil Problabilistic Damage Stability untuk kedua kapal telah memenuhi kriteria (A ≥ R).

Safety in aviation - critical situations in the aspect of the theory of subjective analysis

The article discusses one of the hypotheses of the theory of making decisions in emergency situations. The methodology developed in recent years to determine the probability of a dangerous situation, using subjective analysis, and in particular the function of entropy, gives a new look to the agent, as the decision-maker responsible for security in the structure of the active system. The following publication attempts to signal issues affecting the borderline of various areas of knowledge. Analogously to information theory, where the mathematics-computer scientist Claude E. Shannon introduced the probabilistic concept of entropy, it is possible to determine entropy in the considerations of the theory of choice, which is directly related to making decisions in critical situations. In some works, which were quoted in the paper, the function was called "subjective entropy". It is closely related to the concept of information value. It was shown how the use of the maximum entropy principle of a dynamic system's state can be an effective research instrument determining the security stock.

Finding Optimal Input Values for Desired Target Output by Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Within Probabilistic Models

Developed predictive models, especially models based on probabilistic concept, regarding numerous potential combinatory states can be very complex. That complexity can cause uncertainty about which factors should have which values to achieve optimal value of output. An example of that problem is developed with a Bayesian network with numerous potential states and their interaction when we would like to find optimal value of nodes for achieving maximum probability on specific output node. This chapter shows a novel concept based on usage of the particle swarm optimization algorithm for finding optimal values within developed probabilistic models.

Shifts in Adaptation: The Effects of Self-Efficacy and Task Difficulty Perception

The purpose of this study was to explore adaptation through the manipulation of perceived task difficulty and self-efficacy to challenge the concepts postulated by the two-perception probabilistic concept of the adaptation phenomenon (TPPCA) conceptual framework. Twenty-four randomized performers completed a handgrip and putting task, at three difficulty levels, to assess their self-efficacy and perceived task difficulty interactions on motivations, affect, and performances. The TPPCA was partially confirmed in both tasks. Specifically, as the task difficulty level increased, arousal increased, pleasantness decreased, and the performance declined. There was no solid support that motivational adaptations were congruent with the TPPCA. The findings pertaining to the human adaptation state represent a first step in encouraging future inquiries in this domain. The findings clarify the notion of perceived task difficulty and self-efficacy discrepancy, which then provokes cognitive appraisals and emotional resources to produce an adaptation response.