Discovery

This short chapter considers the various reforms to the procedural problem child of disclosure. History shows that disclosure reform is difficult. This is because the basic principle of disclosure, that each side has to disclose everything relevant, even the documents that might show them in a very bad light, is a critical foundation of the Rule of Law. It underpins the whole concept of a fair trial in this country, and it is one of the reasons why England is a centre for international litigation. The key features of the disclosure pilot were fully consulted on and will be properly evaluated. They hold out the potential for better balancing the need for both sides to disclose everything that is relevant, whilst also ensuring that disclosure does not become an exercise that is too expensive and too enormous.

SOME PROBLEMATIC ISSUES OF LEGISLATIVE AND APPLIED IMPROVEMENT OF THE INITIAL STAGE OF PRE-TRIAL INVESTIGATION

The author of the article conducts a comparative analysis of the previous and existing criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine regarding the procedural institution of starting criminal proceedings. Certain gaps and inconsistencies in the current criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine on these issues which cause justifiable complaints from all participants in the criminal proceedings are identified. The author analyses genesis, individual scientific points of view and the state of discussion among scientists and practitioners in this direction, as a result of which it is established that the problematic issues raised in the article are not resolved theoretically and in an applied aspect, including the previous and in the current criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine. In the context of the issue under consideration, the legislation of foreign countries is examined including post-Soviet states, Anglo-American and Roman-German legal families. As a result, many Ukrainian scientists have concluded that the foreign experience cannot be applied in national legislation without taking into account the national peculiarities of the legal system of Ukraine, the historical traditions of state construction, the level of professionalism and legal awareness of those who apply legislation, the mentality of the population and other factors. Moreover, the author pays paid attention to the study of discussion questions on the grounds and reasons for resolving the procedural problem of issuing a resolution when instituting criminal proceedings and when making statements and reports on committed criminal offenses in to the single register of pre-trial investigations, as well as refusing to register on these issues. The author makes some suggestions for improving the existing criminal procedural legislation and the regulatory framework in the context of the issues discussed.

Attitude among dental practioners towards use of rotary instruments and hand instruments for root canal treatment: a comparative study

Aim: The purpose of present study is to assess the attitude of general dental practioners towards use rotary instruments and hand instruments for root canal treatment.Material and Methods: It was a cross-sectional questionnaire study conducted in the private clinics in Lucknow city, Uttar Pradesh. A total of 400 clinics were visited and face to face interview schedule was conducted. Questionnaire consists of demographic details of dental professionals. Information regarding the years of experience, OPD details and number of root canal treatment done per week by dental professionals was obtained. Use of rotary and hand instruments by dental professionals was inquired. Years of experience with Rotary instruments, procedural problems with rotary instruments faced by dental professionals and reasons for not using the rotary instruments if any was also recorded.Results: 102 (33%) of the total study samples were using rotary instruments for root canal treatment and 100 (32%) using both rotary and hand instruments for root canal treatment. Dentists who are using rotary instruments are facing the procedural problem of file breakage {70 (36%)}. And those dental professionals using hand instruments are facing the problem of ledge formation {82(40%)}.Conclusions: The main procedural failure of the rotary instruments in root canal treatment, faced by dental professionals was file breakage and with hand instrument is ledge formation. Lack of expertise is the main reason which restricts dental professionals from using rotary instruments.

The spatial complexity in describing leg surfaces of Hymenoptera (Insecta), the problem and a proposed solution

A significant procedural problem in describing the leg surfaces of Hymenoptera, which has not been explicitly treated in the literature before, is identified and a mitigating solution is proposed. The first accurate, three-dimensional illustrations of the surfaces of the three pairs of legs are also provided to illustrate the problem and the proposed solution. In Hymenoptera, the orientation of the front, middle and hind pairs of legs relative to the body can and often do differ in direction by up to 180º between the front and hind legs. Furthermore, the tibiae and tarsi are usually held at an abrupt angle relative to the femora. Because of this, the terms anterior, posterior, lateral, outer, mesal, inner, dorsal, and ventral, when applied to surfaces of different parts of different legs will frequently refer to non-homologous areas depending on whether the terms are interpreted or used in an anatomic sense or based on the specific direction and orientation of the part of the leg being described (vernacular sense). Authors often use the vernacular interpretation, but we show that such usage makes the terminology on average 53.1% incompatible for the same anatomical surfaces of the femora, tibiae and tarsi of the three sets of legs. To create equivalence between anatomical and vernacular senses, four intuitive vernacular terms are proposed as explanatory or auxiliary terms for the anatomical terms “dorsal”, “ventral” “anterior”, and “posterior”, respectively, kickface, gripface, foreface, and backface. The terms are proposed as auxiliary or explanatory terms and not as substitutes for the anatomical terms.