Is the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (∆Ψ) Correctly Assessed? Intracellular and Intramitochondrial Modifications of the ∆Ψ Probe, Rhodamine 123

The mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψ) is the driving force providing the electrical component of the total transmembrane potential of hydrogen ions generated by proton pumps, which is utilized by the ATP synthase. The role of ∆Ψ is not limited to its role in bioenergetics since it takes part in other important intracellular processes, which leads to the mandatory requirement of the homeostasis of ∆Ψ. Conventionally, ∆Ψ in living cells is estimated by the fluorescence of probes such as rhodamine 123, tetramethylrodamine, etc. However, when assessing the fluorescence, the possibility of the intracellular/intramitochondrial modification of the rhodamine molecule is not taken into account. Such changes were revealed in this work, in which a comparison of normal (astrocytic) and tumor (glioma) cells was conducted. Fluorescent microscopy, flow cytometry, and mass spectrometry revealed significant modifications of rhodamine molecules developing over time, which were prevented by amiodarone apparently due to blocking the release of xenobiotics from the cell and their transformation with the participation of cytochrome P450. Obviously, an important role in these processes is played by the increased retention of rhodamines in tumor cells. Our data require careful evaluation of mitochondrial ∆Ψ potential based on the assessment of the fluorescence of the mitochondrial probe.

An Advanced 1-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) with Hybrid Memristor-CMOS Architecture

<div>Memristor is dubbed as the fourth fundamental electrical component which works primarily as a non-volatile memory element. Memristors can also be used to construct logic gates, and Memristor Ratioed Logic (MRL) is one of these structures. The higher area efficiency and CMOS architecture compatibility of MRL gates have lead researchers to pay attention to its use in digital logic architecture. In this work, binary MRL is integrated with Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor(CMOS) logic elements to develop building blocks of an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). The proposed 1-bit ALU is simulated using LTSpice, which allows the versatility of changing the parameters as per the model used. This work designs and analyses an optimized cascadable 1-bit ALU with with voltage level based binary logic state via simulation. The proposed circuit shows improvement in transistor count and delay over benchmark circuits.</div>

An Advanced 1-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) with Hybrid Memristor-CMOS Architecture

<div>Memristor is dubbed as the fourth fundamental electrical component which works primarily as a non-volatile memory element. Memristors can also be used to construct logic gates, and Memristor Ratioed Logic (MRL) is one of these structures. The higher area efficiency and CMOS architecture compatibility of MRL gates have lead researchers to pay attention to its use in digital logic architecture. In this work, binary MRL is integrated with Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor(CMOS) logic elements to develop building blocks of an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). The proposed 1-bit ALU is simulated using LTSpice, which allows the versatility of changing the parameters as per the model used. This work designs and analyses an optimized cascadable 1-bit ALU with with voltage level based binary logic state via simulation. The proposed circuit shows improvement in transistor count and delay over benchmark circuits.</div>

Technologies for building systems of remote lining of communication lines: a practical example of implementation

The subject matter of study in this article is ways to build systems for remote laying of communication lines and solve the problem of their implementation. The goal is to simplify the process of developing robotic systems to solve applied problems. The tasks to be solved are to consider technologies of laying and to define the role of the robotic decisions used in them; consider and analyze existing compact solutions; consider existing tools and kits for rapid creation and testing of electromechanical systems; describe the features of conceptual and practical implementations of the system. According to the tasks, the following results were obtained. The existing methods and equipment for laying communication lines are analyzed. The types of lines placement according to the method and working conditions is considered. Standard equipment and experimental or less common equipment samples are analyzed. The results of a comparative analysis of the currently most well-known robotic solutions used to automate the placement of communications are presented. The existing robotic compact solutions the functionality of which is similar to the object of research are considered in detail. Three devices from various manufacturers designed to perform specialized tasks and has similar specificity of work including the need to move in confined spaces in the vertical and horizontal directions and deliver a payload to the destination are considered. The key differences in the considered devices including modular architecture, simplification of the electrical component of the system due to the frame, adaptability, and adaptability of the device to various environmental conditions are given. The quantitative characteristics of the devices such as the speed of movement, the size of the device itself, and its weight are analyzed. A technological stack that allows the rapid prototyping of a system with similar functions is considered and analyzed. The results of the classification of three sets for the rapid construction of a digital system with an indication of their advantages and disadvantages are given. The qualitative characteristics of development tools such as the prevalence of components, the complexity of use, and their cost are analyzed. An approach for the fast construction of a digital system based on modular reprogrammable components is proposed. Conclusions. The areas of application of existing solutions, the way of their implementation, and unique features that can be useful in solving the problem of placement of communications are considered. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is as follows: a unique architecture of a robot for placement of communication lines with movable segments for movement in space is proposed; a set of programmable modules as part of the developed system is presented. The process of choosing electronic components for building a system is discussed. A digital interface for interacting components and the robot as a whole is described. The possibility of reprogramming the developed robot to restore its working capacity is devised.

Modeling and analysis of wavering redistribution of energy in the presence of its own electromagnetic radiation in key electronic circuits on MOS transistors.

For the first time, a simplified model of the redistribution of vibrational energy in a MOS transistor has been developed and analyzed. The transistor is turned on in open drain mode and in inverter mode. After calculating the parameters, the numerical radio profiles of the signals of the electrical component of electromagnetic radiation, created by the key unit itself, were obtained. An experiment was carried out to register the vibrational redistribution of energy in a MOS transistor using a specially designed sample. The results of registration of a series of radio profiles of signals with the configuration of the universal ports of the sample of a digital device are presented, and a correlation assessment of the reproducibility of the experiment is carried out. The correlation of the radio profiles of the signals obtained as a result of modeling and as a result of the experiment is not lower than 0.93. This testifies to the correctness of the developed models. On the basis of the presented development, a correlation assessment of the radiation of a reference sample and a sample with a slight deviation of parameters has been carried out. Even with a slight change in the parameters of the key node associated with degradation of the gate dielectric, the cross-correlation in the normal state and with a defect r < 0.7, which indicates a significant difference in the signal radio profile of normal functioning and with deterioration of parameters. The proposed models can be used in passive radio-wave technical diagnostics based on the registration of the electrical component of electromagnetic radiation generated by the radio-electronic devices themselves and opens up new possibilities for diagnosing malfunctions at the early stages of their occurrence.

Taser barb penetration causing phalangeal fracture

We present an unusual case of phalangeal fracture resulting from direct penetration by the barb of a conducted electrical weapon (Taser). When a Taser is triggered, compressed gas propels two barbs with trailing insulated wires which deliver a pulsed electrical discharge on contact. A 51-year-old man presented with a single barb of the Taser embedded in the diaphysis of the proximal phalanx and an associated open fracture. The barb was removed under local anaesthesia. The fracture was stable and was mobilised in a flexible splint. Oral antibiotics were commenced in recognition of the risk of flexor sheath and bone inoculation. While the most severe complications associated with Taser are related to the electrical component, the most common injuries are associated with falls and barb penetrations. Clinicians must be mindful of the risk of fracture, infection and soft tissue injury when such a foreign body penetrates a phalanx.

Analisis Sistem Kelistrikan Body pada Sepeda Motor Suzuki Nex-FI

A motorcycle has an electrical system that functions to make the vehicle operate and provide comfort and safety while driving. Generally, the electrical system on a motorcycle can be divided into three parts: the filling system, the lighting system, and the ignition system. In this study, an analysis was carried out on the body's electrical system, which has more functions in the lighting system. Examining the body's electrical system is carried out by checking the voltage, resistance, and current flowing in each electrical component. The results of these measurements are adjusted to the standard component specifications in the manual. Based on the results of the component inspection, it can be concluded that the inspection of the body's electrical system includes headlights, city lights, rear lights, turn signals, and horns on Nex-FI motorbikes after 5 years of operation in normal conditions according to standards and functions according to their respective roles.

Non-Contact Measurements of Electrocardiogram and Cough-Associated Electromyogram from the Neck Using In-Pillow Common Cloth Electrodes: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are associated with nocturnal cough and changes in heart rate. In this work, the authors propose a proof-of-concept non-contact system for performing capacitive electrocardiogram (cECG) and cough-associated capacitive electromyogram (cEMG) measurements using cloth electrodes under a pillowcase. Two electrodes were located along with the approximate vector of lead II ECG and were used for both cECG and cEMG measurements. A signature voltage follower was introduced after each electrode to detect biopotentials with amplitudes of approximately 100 µV. A bootstrapping technique and nonlinear electrical component were combined and implemented in the voltage follower to attain a high input impedance and rapid static discharge. The measurement system was evaluated in a laboratory experiment for seven adult males and one female (average age: 22.5 ± 1.3 yr). The accuracy of R-wave detection for 2-min resting periods was 100% in six subjects, with an overall average of 87.5% ± 30.0%. Clearly visible cEMGs were obtained for each cough motion for all subjects, synchronized with reference EMGs from submental muscle. Although there remains room for improvement in practical use, the proposed system is promising for unobtrusive detection of heart rate and cough over a prolonged period of time.