The 4Ms Provide A Structural Framework For Organizing Educational Materials

The John A Hartford Foundation and the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI)’s 4Ms of mentation, mobility, medications and (what) matters most provide a much-needed framework for helping system leaders and frontline teams consistently deliver high-quality, age-friendly care. Geriatric Fast Facts (GFFs) is a virtual resource providing teachers/learners with peer-reviewed, evidence-based summaries on topics essential to older adult care via a searchable website [www.geriatricfastfacts.com]. To determine if GFFs can be classified by the 4Ms we initially did a free text search of all GFFs. That revealed GFFs whose foci were unrelated to the 4Ms (e.g., mobility emerged in a fluoroscopy GFF as a minor element related to patient positioning). Therefore, all GFFs were independently reviewed by a geriatrician and the website manager and classified according to the 4M rubric (a single GFF can be classified in multiple M’s such as #93 on Age Friendly Health Systems). Any differences were adjudicated by the GFF editor. 64% (60/ 93) of GFFs strongly linked to one of the 4Ms. The number of GFFs dedicated to the 4Ms are as follows: 20 what matters most, 18 medications, 13 mentation, and 9 mobility. Those that were not coded within 4Ms were often very disease/specialty oriented. A total of 36 were not classified. For example, GGF #39 focuses on the etiologies of anemia among older adults. The 4M framework can be easily applied to educational materials to support consistent and clear conceptual model across learning conditions and materials.

Mer-Hagography: The Erasure, Return and Resonance of Splash’s Older Mermaid

The 1984 feature film Splash initially included a scene featuring an embittered, older mermaid (referred to as the “Merhag” or “Sea-Hag” by the production team) that was deleted before the final version premiered. Since that excision, the older mermaid and the scene she appeared in have been recreated by fans and the mer/sea-hag has come to comprise a minor element in contemporary online culture. The term “Merhag,” in particular, has also spread beyond the film, being taken up in fantasy fiction and being used—allusively and often pejoratively—to describe notional and actual female characters. Drawing on Mary Daly’s 1978 exploration of supressed female experiences and perspectives, this essay first examines Splash and associated texts with regard to the general figure of the hag in western culture (and with regard to negative, ageist perceptions of the ageing female), before discussing the use of “Merhag” and “Sea-Hag” as allusive pejoratives and the manner in which their negative connotations have been countered.

Preliminary Study of Scandium Enrichment in Lateritic Profile from Weathered Ultramafic Rock in Lapaopao Area Kolaka Regency of Southeast Sulawesi

Scandium is one of the rare earth elements which is currently widely used for various needs such as the aerospace industry, solid oxide fuel cells, electronics industry and in metallurgical applications. Generally, Scandium appears in small amounts so its structural role in the host minerals cannot be readily identified. Some studies reported the scandium extraction from lateritic nickel deposit where may contain considerable amount of scandium in addition to nickel and cobalt. Preliminary research of scandium enrichment has been investigated from the ultramafik rock indicates that an enrichment of scandium concentration was found in the red limonite. The aim of this study was to investigate the potentially enrichment of scandium mineral from nickel laterite in Lapaopao Area. There are a total of 38 samples from 1 (one) diamond drill holes which represent the limonite, saprolite and bedrock profiles have been collected and studied to investigate the distribution pattern of Sc grades within the lateritic profile. These samples are being analized by XRF for major and minor element and ICP-OES method for rare earth element assaying. The study has confirmed that scandium is enriched in limonite layer of weathered ultramafic laterite profile. The scandium content from the ultramafic bedrock is 15 ppm and has enriched until 81 ppm of scandium in the limonite layer.

Crystal-chemical and biological controls of trace and minor element incorporation into magnetite nanocrystals

Magnetite nanoparticles possess numerous fundamental, biomedical and industrial applications, many of which depend on tuning the magnetic properties. This is often achieved by the incorporation of trace and minor elements into the magnetite lattice. Such incorporation was shown to depend strongly on the magnetite formation pathway (i.e., abiotic vs biological), but the mechanisms controlling element partitioning between magnetite and its surrounding precipitation solution remain to be elucidated. Here, we used a combination of theoretical modelling (lattice and crystal field theories) and experimental evidence (high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and X-ray absorption spectroscopy) to demonstrate that element incorporation into abiotic magnetite nanoparticles is controlled principally by cation size and valence. Elements from the first series of transition metals (Cr to Zn) constituted exceptions to this finding as their incorporation appeared to be also controlled by the energy levels of their unfilled 3d orbitals, in line with crystal field mechanisms. We then show that element incorporation into biological magnetite nanoparticles produced by magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) cannot be explained by crystal-chemical parameters alone, which points to the biological control exerted by the bacteria over the element transfer between MTB growth medium and the intracellular environment. This screening effect generates biological magnetite with a purer chemical composition than the abiotic materials formed in a solution of similar composition. Our work establishes a theoretical framework for understanding the crystal-chemical and biological controls of trace and minor cation incorporation into magnetite, thereby providing predictive methods to tailor the composition of magnetite nanoparticles for improved control over magnetic properties.

Controversy around climate change reports: a case study of Twitter responses to the 2019 IPCC report on land

In August 2019, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published its Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL), which generated extensive societal debate and interest in mainstream and social media. Using computational and conceptual text analysis, we examined more than 6,000 English-language posts on Twitter to establish the relative presence of different topics. Then, we assessed their levels of toxicity and sentiment polarity as an indication of contention and controversy. We find first that meat consumption and dietary options became one of the most discussed issues on Twitter in response to the IPCC report, even though it was a relatively minor element of the report; second, this new issue of controversy (meat and diet) had similar, high levels of toxicity to strongly contentious issues in previous IPCC reports (skepticism about climate science and the credibility of the IPCC). We suggest that this is in part a reflection of increasingly polarized narratives about meat and diet found in other areas of public discussion and of a movement away from criticism of climate science towards criticism of climate solutions. Finally, we discuss the possible implications of these findings for the work of the IPCC in anticipating responses to its reports and responding to them effectively.

High Temperature Behavior of Al-7Si-0.4Mg Alloy with Er and Zr Additions

In recent years, many efforts have been devoted to the development of innovative Al-based casting alloys with improved high temperature strength. Research is often oriented to the investigation of the effects of minor element additions to widely diffused casting alloys. The present study focuses on Al-7Si-0.4Mg (A356) alloy with small additions of Er and Zr. Following previous scientific works on the optimization of heat treatment and on tensile strength, creep tests were carried out at 300 °C under applied stress of 30 MPa, a reference condition for creep characterization of innovative high-temperature Al alloys. The alloys containing both Er and Zr displayed a lower minimum creep strain rate and a longer time to rupture. Fractographic and microstructural analyses on crept and aged specimens were performed to understand the role played by eutectic silicon, by the coarse intermetallics and by α-Al matrix ductility. The creep behavior in tension of the three alloys has been discussed by comparing them to tension and compression creep curves available in the literature for Al-7Si-0.4Mg improved by minor elemental additions.

Trace and minor element variations in lunar granulites: Insights into lunar metamorphic conditions.

<p>Metamorphic rocks on the Moon are an important yet under-studied suite of lunar lithologies that have been identified in the Apollo and lunar meteorite collections [1]. These rocks, with granoblastic textures, are generally referred to as granulites; however, unlike their terrestrial counterparts, they are considered to represent the products of only high-temperature (> 1000 <sup>o</sup>C) thermal metamorphism that completely re-crystallised their protolith(s). Lunar granulites are commonly sub-divided into two main compositional groups related to their protolith lithologies. The Fe-granulites, found at most Apollo landing sites, are generally accepted to derive from metamorphosed plagioclase-rich igneous cumulates, termed the ferroan anorthosite (FAN) suite. The FAN suite are important lithologies as they represent products of the primary lunar crust. The Mg-granulites are found mostly at the Apollo 16 landing site and within lunar meteorite samples; the protolith(s) of this latter group is not well understood [2].  Early studies have linked the protolith to secondary magmatic intrusions into the primary anorthositic crust (termed the Mg-suite); however, recent studies have tentatively connected the protolith to a Mg-rich variation of the primary crustal plagioclase cumulates (termed the MAN suite). The occurrence of MANs is controversial, it is unclear how the MAN suite fits into canonical lunar crustal formation models [3]. To investigate the protoliths of the granulite suites, we report in situ trace- and minor-element abundances for olivine and pyroxene grains within Fe- and Mg-granulites, determined by LA-ICP-MS and EPMA respectively. Trace-element data presented here indicate that the Mg-granulites are compositionally similar to the MAN suite. Furthermore, by comparing plagioclase trace-element data with peak metamorphic temperatures (calculated using two-pyroxene thermometers [4]), we find no relationship between metamorphic temperature and diagnostic trace-element signatures suggesting that both granulite suites experienced similar thermal metamorphic conditions. Additionally, we estimate the duration of metamorphic heating using experimentally derived diffusion rates of minor elements in minerals,  (such as Ca in olivine [5]). Both the calculated cooling rates and peak metamorphic temperatures can set constraints on the metamorphic heat source responsible for thermally annealing the Fe- and Mg-granulites. Specifically, we are able to assess whether the granulites formed as a result of shallow (<1 km) burial of the protolith by impact melt sheets or hot, impact-generated fall-back breccias [6]; or deep (> 1km) contact metamorphism of the protolith due to the emplacement of magma chambers or upwelling plutons within the lunar crust [7].</p><p> </p><p>[1] Lindstrom & Lindstrom, 1986, JGR, 91(B4), 263-276 [2] Treiman et al. 2010. MaPS, 45, 163-180. [3] Gross et al. 2014, EPSL, 388, 318-328. [4] Brey & Köhler, 1990, J Pet, 31, 1353-1378. [5] Dohmen et al, 2007, PCM, 34, 389-407. [6] Cushing et al. 1999, MaPS, 34, 185-195. [7] Hudgins et al. 2011, Am Min, 96, 1673-1685.</p>