Peer review declaration

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. • Type of peer review: Single-blind / Double-blind / Triple-blind / Open / Other (please describe) All accepted papers from ISMCT 2021 conference have been peer reviewed with triple-blind review type through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. • Conference submission management system: We use conference submission management system electronically with link https://seminar.tekmira.esdm.go.id/index.php/registration. This management system was affiliated with https://edas.info. • Number of submissions received: 137 papers • Number of submissions sent for review: 103 papers • Number of submissions accepted: 86 papers • Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 62.77% • Average number of reviews per paper: three reviewers • Total number of reviewers involved: 97 reviewers • Any additional info on review process: Review description need to check: 1. Paper template (Title, affiliation, abstract, paper content, figure and table format, equation, references) 2. Originality 3. Novelty 4. Paper quality 5. Language quality (structure and grammar) • Contact person for queries: Name : Dr. Agus Wahyudi, M.T. Affiliation: R&D Centre for Mineral and Coal Technology (Tekmira), Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Republic of Indonesia E-mail : [email protected]

Preface

The 1st International Seminar on Mineral and Coal Technology (ISMCT 2021) was held for the first time in Bandung, Indonesia on the 23rd–24th June 2021. The seminar theme is “Sustainable Development on Mining, Processing, and Environment” and presented four distinguished keynote speakers, namely Dr. Ir. Ridwan Djamaluddin, M.Sc. as Directorate General of Mineral and Coal, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia (MEMR); Prof. Dr. Aleksandar Nikoloski from Murdoch University, Australia; Dr. Kazuyuki Murakami from JCOAL, Japan; and Cristian Bolda, BCSEng (Mech) from Leigh Creek Energy, Australia. The seminar also performed 10 Invited speakers from institutions, namely the Research Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Uzbekistan; GOLD ISMIA-UNDP; Mine Reclamation Corporation, South Korea; TNB Fuel, Malaysia; Research and Development Center for Mineral and Coal Technology (tekMIRA); PT. Vale Indonesia; PT. Amman Mineral Nusa Tenggara; PT. Indo Tambang Megah; PT PLN (Persero); and PT. Timah Tbk. The participant of the seminar included academics, researchers, practitioners, professionals, and government personnel that came from Murdoch University, Australia; Center for Ceramics; Ministry of Industry Republic of Indonesia; Indonesia Institute of Sciences (LIPI); tekMIRA-MEMR; Center for Applied Nuclear Science and Technology (PSTNT) - BATAN; The Laboratory of Fuel and Engineering Design (BTBRD-BPPT); Centre for Pulp and Paper-Ministry of Industry; PT. PLN (Persero); Research Center for Maritime Affairs Republic of Indonesia; PT Multi Nitrotama Kimia; University of Indonesia (UI), Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta (UPN Jakarta), Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jogjakarta (UPN Jogjakarta), University of Gadjah Mada (UGM), University of Padjadjaran (UNPAD), University of Trisakti (USAKTI), University of Jenderal Achmad Yani (UNJANI), Polytechnic of Energy and Mining (PEP), and Technology Institute of Sumatera (ITERA). Due to pandemic Covid-19, the seminar was held virtually and was conducted within two days. The first day seminar was divided into three sessions, the first session was the opening ceremony which began with the ISMCT report from Head of Research and Development Agency of Energy and Mineral Resources, and opening remarks from the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources that belongs to the first session. The second session came from two keynote speakers and the third session was a parallel oral presentation which was divided into five virtual rooms based on the presentation theme, i.e., room A (Mineral); Room B (Coal); Room C (Mining); Room D (Environment) and Room E (Techno-economics and Policy). Each room was guided by a moderator and operator. Parallel session in each room was initiated with the speak from the invited speaker, followed by the oral presentation from an average of 10 presenters per room with assigned time for 15 minutes per presenter (10 minutes presentation and 5 minutes discussion). The second day was divided into three sessions, the first session was a keynote speech served by two keynote speakers, and the second session was the parallel session. The third session was the closing speech from the chairman of the committee and ended with the announcement the of the best presenter. Around 103 selected manuscripts were presented in the seminar. Such an amount was chosen from 137 manuscripts that had been received by the committee and screened by the ISMCT editorial team. All manuscripts have been peer-reviewed with triple-blind review by three reviewers for each manuscript. Of 103 presented manuscripts around 88 papers have been accepted by the editorial team and submitted to IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (EES) for further processing prior to publishing them. The ISMCT 2021 has been successfully organized by R&D Centre for Mineral and Coal Technology (tekMIRA) and has brought together practitioners, researchers, academics, regulators, professionals and civil society to meet and collaborate on sustainable development and technology innovation in the fields of mineral, coal and mining industry, processing, environment and techno-economics and policy. Thanks to the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources, the Research and Development Agency of Energy and Mineral Resources and the directorate General of Mineral and Coal - Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia for the support. Special appreciations to the organizing committee and the editor team who have well coordination, and has given effort in organizing the seminar and the process of papers publishing. Editors Team, 1. Prof. Dr. Datin Fatia Umar 2. Ir. Tatang Wahyudi, MSc 3. Dra. Sri Handayani, MSc 4. Dr. M. Ikhlasul Amal 5. Dr. Yudi Nugraha Thaha 6. Prof. Dr. Binarko Santoso 7. Dr. Robi Kurniawan List of titles Steering Committee, Organizing Committee are available in this Pdf.

Expanded perlite commercialization techno-economic analysis in Indonesia

Utilizing a perlite processing plant in Lampung is one of the public services of the Research and Development Center for Mineral and Coal Technology (TEKMIRA). The plant has been fully revitalized and is ready to be developed for commercialization through joint operations. The domestic market for perlite is not as advanced as the world market. These are both opportunities and challenges for the expanded perlite business. Techno-economic analysis can provide an overview of expanded perlite processing and cash flow forecasts during the implementation period of the commercialization project. Based on the financial feasibility indicators, the scenario of the expanded perlite project is feasible to be commercialized. In the proportional scenario, TEKMIRA and business partners will get 70% versus 30%. The alternative scenario of profit-sharing structure is 50% versus 50%. Nevertheless, TEKMIRA still benefits from fixed compensation. These results are expected to attract investors to partner in the commercial business of expanded perlite processing.

Special Issue [Energies] “Clean Utilization and Conversion Technology of Coal”

Clean Utilization and Conversion Technology of Coal has at least 40 years of history, beginning with the USA-born Clean Coal Technology program and at the same time the European Thermie research and development program was started [...]

Strategies of Two-Level Green Technology Investments for Coal Supply Chain under Different Dominant Modes

We consider a coal supply chain with a coal enterprise and a manufacturer, where the coal enterprise invests in clean coal technology, and the manufacturer invests in carbon reduction technology. The government offers subsidies for the investments of clean coal technology and carbon reduction technology. We examine optimal clean coal technology inputs in a coal enterprise and carbon reduction quantity in a manufacturer under the modes of coal-enterprise-led and manufacturer-led, respectively, using a Stackelberg game theory model. We obtain some interesting results. First, carbon reduction by the manufacturer is restrained when clean coal technology cost and carbon reduction cost are increased, regardless of the dominant modes, and clean coal technology input decreases when clean coal technology cost increases; however, a high carbon reduction cost has no effect on clean coal technology input when the manufacturer leads. Second, the clean coal technology subsidy for coal enterprises promotes clean coal technology inputs and carbon reductions, and the carbon reduction subsidy encourages carbon reduction without supporting clean coal technology input. Last, carbon reduction performance is better achieved under the manufacturer-led model than the coal-enterprise-led model. However, it should be noticed that the capital resource only relies on government subsidy in this article. In the future, this study could be used for green supply chain investment, and could be helpful for sustainability development.

Graphical Analysis of Gasification Processes

Gasification processes incorporate many reactions that are fairly complex to analyse making their design difficult. In this chapter it is shown that general gasification systems are limited by consideration of mass and energy balances only. Here, a ternary Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen diagram is developed to represent gasification processes. The diagram incorporates basic chemistry and thermodynamics to define a region in which gasification occurs. The techniques are further validated from data obtained from pilot or laboratory experiments available in literature. In this chapter we develop graphical representation for sawdust gasification and underground coal gasification (UCG), a clean coal technology. The methods described allow for further analysis without considerations to thermodynamic equilibrium, reactor kinetics, reactor design and operation. This analysis is thus an indispensable tool for flowsheet development using gasification and an excellent tool for practitioners to rapidly understand gasification processes.

Coal

Coal has two main energy applications, with about 90% used for electricity generation and 10% used for commercial and residential heating. In terms of electricity generation in the United States, coal is responsible for about 28%, a significant decrease from 53% twenty years earlier when it was the leading energy for producing electricity. There are two primary commercial methods for generating electricity from coal including pulverized coal combustion and fluidized bed coal combustion. To safely burn coal, sulfur, nitrogen, and heavy metals are removed at the electric plant. The sequestering of sulfur and nitrogen are important steps for limiting acid rain and ground level ozone. To generate electricity, the United States has about 360 coal plants with about 790 generators, of which greater than 90% use pulverized coal technology. Most coal is transported by rail.