Zavedovat’ or zavedyvat’?

The purpose of the article is to provide a historical explanation of how the spelling rule of the verb zaveduyu – zavedovat’ arose. The main research method is analytical, involving the analysis of the morphemic and word-forming structure of the verb, as well as the method of observing the historically variable practice of using the verbs zavedovat’ and zavedyvat’, as well as verbs with other prefixes that are of the same root with them. The study found that the normative spelling of zaveduyu – zavedovat’ is not etymological, which arose due to the peculiarities of Russian stressed vocalism and the analogical influence of nominative, not verbal verbs. The results obtained will contribute to the conscious attitude of teachers and students to the spelling norms of the Russian language.

Grammarly as AI-powered English Writing Assistant: Students’ Alternative for Writing English

<p class="AbstractText">The presence of ‘Grammarly’ as one of the online grammar checkers as the impact of technology development. This paper aims to reveal an overview of ‘Grammarly’ as an AI-powered English Writing Assistant for EFL students in Writing English. This research applies descriptive qualitative research. Based on the analysis, using Grammarly software shows the performance increased. Before using Grammarly, the performance of the test score is 34 out of 100. After using Grammarly, the performance text score is 77 out of 100. This score shows the quality of writing in this text increased. The performance can be increased based on Grammarly's suggestions in a Premium account. The researcher recommends the students to use Grammarly. Grammarly is a web tool to perform grammar checks well, starting from the spelling of words, sentence structure to standard grammar. Grammarly is free, so it is recommended for students who want to check various documents or articles in English. Grammarly helps check the grammatical rule, the spelling rule in English structure, also correct errors in writing such as punctuation and capitalization. Grammarly runs on an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system, which is built to analyze English sentences relying on a set of rules. Grammarly takes context when showing corrections or suggestions, and inform the students quickly but still precisely. For accuracy, two service options available both free and paid features. Of course, the Grammarly free version still has limitations and in-service features, unlike the paid version (premium) which has full advantages and benefits, many features, and complete.</p>

About the Academic Description of Russian Spelling. (To Spelling Rule Theory)

The article is devoted to the concept of a rule as a tool of scientific and orthological description. A rule is a conventional kind of scientific interpretation in any writing system, such as the description of morphological types in morphology or syntactic models in syntax. In this regard, rules must comply with the requirements for tools of scientific and orthological description. A rule as a tool for scientific description should be internally consistent and not contradict other rules, clearly define the described range of phenomena, cover all cases, clearly distinguish between the scope of the rule and the scope of the dictionary, be terminologically correct. As an orthological tool, a rule should not only correspond to the modern norm, but also determine the vector for future codifications. As a modern orthological tool, a rule should be accompanied by a commentary. The purpose of this commentary is to show the reader the scientific and methodological validity of both a general approach to describing the problems of different sections of the spelling, and each specific rule, to present a range of different interpretations of a particular spelling and justify the proposed one. The proposed description is based on the authors’ theoretical views on writing as a self-developing system and on the role of codifiers as a subjective factor in the development of this system. The conclusions are based on studies of historical changes in each spelling rule and writing in general, as well as modern fluctuations observed in spelling practice and directions for their elimination. This article reveals the authors’ approach to creating a commented set of rules for Russian spelling – a complete, consistent, scientific description of writing in the common form of rules that meets modern standards.

Organization of work on literary pronunciation in primary school

Pronunciation means speaking in accordance with the general norms of our language. Literature requires adherence to the rules of pronunciation of individual words, even speech sounds. The set of these rules is called orthoepic norms. Spelling normalizes the written branch of our literary language. In our language, the pronunciation of some words is the same: for example, mother, morning, pomegranate, and so on. The basics of Azerbaijani orthoepy should be taught in practice from the first grade. Spelling exercises vary in nature. N.S. Rozhdestvensky shows its three groups: 1) due to the perceptual nature of students; 2) due to the nature of the analyzers involved in the implementation; 3) according to the purpose of the lesson. The formation of the spelling rule in this way leads to its automation. Key words: Pronunciation, norm, difference, speech, practice, identify

Double consonant spelling regulation in borrowed words in Russian spelling improvement and standardization projects of 1930–1956

The paper deals with traditionally problematic and not fully settled issues of Russian spelling – the spelling of double consonants in borrowed words. The peculiarities of regulation of the spelling concerned in the number of normative sources of the 18–20 centuries are specified. The author considers the views of some linguists on possible reasons for this varia-ble writing and proposals for eliminating the diversity that is characteristic of spelling practice both before and after the 1917th – 1918th spelling reform. A detailed analysis is made of the materials of eleven projects of Russian spelling improvement and standardization, which were elaborated by spelling commissions in the period from 1930 to 1956. The paper provides a description of normative settings of the projects that differ in character and content: prescrip-tive, built in the form of a traditional spelling rule-explanation and the recommendation to the writer to refer directly to the dictionary. Common views on approaches, validity and expedi-ency of normative principles considered in the context of spelling discussion of 1964 and the subsequent discussion of this issue are revealed. Consideration is given to the formulation of the double consonant spelling rule in loanwords in the complete academic reference book (2006), and examples of variable spelling from modern practice are provided. The source base of the research, along with explanatory, spelling dictionaries and draft rules, were un-published archival documents of the Russian Academy of Science.

The dual role of homophone dominance. Why homophone intrusions on regular verb forms so often go unnoticed

We investigated whether the effect of Homophone Dominance that has been reported for spelling errors on Dutch verb homophones (Sandra, Frisson, & Daems, 1999) also occurs in perception. This effect was indeed observed: participants in a proofreading experiment overlooked more homophone intrusions when the intruder was more dominant than the target form, irrespective of the inflectional ending. Participant groups whose grammatical awareness was better developed made fewer errors but also showed the effect of Homophone Dominance. The findings are explained in terms of a Computational and Similarity-Based Race model, in which a conscious and slow computational process in working memory, implementing the spelling rule, competes with an automatic and fast, frequency-sensitive process of lexical access. The presence of the effect in both spelling and reading explains why these errors on descriptively simple verb forms in Dutch are so persistent.