Analysis and Comparison of Electromagnetic Microrobotic Platforms for Biomedical Applications

Magnetic microrobotics is a promising technology for improving minimally invasive surgery (MIS) with the ambition of enhancing patient care and comfort. The potential benefits include limited incisions, less hemorrhaging and postoperative pain, and faster recovery time. To achieve this, a key issue relies on the design of a proper electromagnetic actuation (EMA) setup which is based on the use of magnetic sources. The magnetic field and its gradient generated by the EMA platform is then used to induce magnetic torque and force for microrobot manipulations inside the human body. Like any control systems, the EMA system must be adapted to the given controlled microrobot and customized for the application. With great research efforts on magnetic manipulating of microrobots, the EMA systems are approaching commercial applications, and their configurations are becoming more suitable to be employed in real medical surgeries. However, most of the proposed designs have not followed any specific rule allowing to take into account the biomedical applications constraints. Through reviewing the different proposed EMA systems in the literature, their various specifications and configurations are comprehensively discussed and analyzed. This study focus on EMA platforms that use electromagnets. From this review and based on the biomedical application specifications, the appropriate EMA system can be determined efficiently.

Academic Freedom in the Brazilian Constitutional History

This work aims to analyse the principle of academic freedom in Brazilian constitutionalism, throught the lens of Legal History, to understand when this specific rule became part of the set of fundamental rights in Brazil. To do this I will present the parliamentary debates in the Constitutional Assembly in 1934 when it was first mentioned, and the thoughts of certain legal scholars on the subject in the comments on Brazilian constitutions. As results, I present some contemporary issues where this historical approach can be useful. Enviado el (Submission Date): 18/04/2020 Aceptado el (Acceptance Date): 23/06/2020

STRUCTURE OF LEGAL EXPERIMENT AS A ELEMENT OF REGULATION

The nature of the legal experiment, the purpose of its conduction and the tasks solved with its help determine its structure. The difficulty of determination process of legal experiment structure is related to the its dual nature: an element of regulation and the process of implementation. The objective of the article is to reveal the structure of legal experiment as a component of regulation. It is concluded that the structure of a legal experiment has the following important features: a logical combination of components of a legal experiment, which together provide the maximum effect with minimal resource costs and does not change over time, but varies depending on the specific rule being tested and is a dynamic embodiment regulatory impact of the rule of law on social processes. The structure of a legal experiment should be understood as a set of components built according to a certain algorithm, which together most effectively reproduce the regulatory impact of the legal norm being tested, bringing it closer to the expected result with a minimum level of costs.Key words: element, legal experiment, working groups, institutional support, structure, regulation

Communicating Monetary Policy Rules

Despite the ubiquity of inflation targeting, central banks communicate their frameworks in a variety of ways. No central bank explicitly expresses their conduct via a policy rule, which contrasts with models of policy. Central banks often connect theory with their practice by publishing inflation forecasts that can, in principle, implicitly convey their reaction function. We return to this central idea to show how a central bank can achieve the gains of a rule-based policy without publicly stating a specific rule. The approach requires central banks to specify an inflation target, inflation tolerance bands, and provide economic projections. When inflation moves outside the band, inflation forecasts provide a time frame over which inflation will return to within the band. We show how this communication replicates and provides the same information as a rule-based policy. In addition, the communication strategy produces a natural benchmark for assessing central bank performance.

Concussion in para sport: the first position statement of the Concussion in Para Sport (CIPS) Group

Concussion is a frequent injury in many sports and is also common in para athletes. However, there is a paucity of concussion research related to para sport, and prior International Concussion in Sport (CIS) consensus papers have not substantively addressed this population. To remedy this and to improve concussion care provided to para athletes, the concussion in para sport (CIPS) multidisciplinary expert group was created. This group analysed and discussed in-depth para athlete-specific issues within the established key clinical domains of the current (2017) consensus statement on CIS. Due to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the group held all meetings by video conferencing. The existing Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5 (SCAT5) for the immediate on-field and office-based off-field assessment of concussion was evaluated as part of this process, to identify any para athlete-specific concerns. Regular preparticipation and periodic health examinations are essential to determine a baseline reference point for concussion symptoms but pose additional challenges for the interpreting clinician. Further considerations for concussion management for the para athlete are required within the remove, rest, reconsider and refer consensus statement framework. Considering return to sport (RTS), the 2017 CIS consensus statement has limitations when considering the RTS of the para athlete. Case-by-case decision making related to RTS following concussion is imperative for para athletes. Additional challenges exist for the evaluation and management of concussion in para athletes. There is a need for greater understanding of existing knowledge gaps and attitudes towards concussion among athlete medical staff, coaches and para athletes. Future research should investigate the use and performance of common assessment tools in the para athlete population to better guide their clinical application and inform potential modifications. Concussion prevention strategies and sport-specific rule changes, such as in Para Alpine Skiing and Cerebral Palsy Football, also should be carefully considered to reduce the occurrence of concussion in para athletes.

Part 2 National and Regional Reports, Part 2.5 Latin America: Coordinated by Lauro Gama and José Antonio Moreno Rodríguez, 55 Bolivia: Bolivian Perspectives on the Hague Principles

This chapter examines Bolivian perspectives on the Hague Principles. Bolivia has few legal provisions and little meaningful legal precedent referring to international commercial contracts and choice of law. Nevertheless, Bolivia’s legal system recognizes the importance of party autonomy, custom, usage, equity, and even culture in contract law. In that sense, the Hague Principles may be useful in a variety of ways, such as supplementing or re-interpreting national laws, as guidance for legal reform, or as incorporated by reference into a contract. The existing legal vacuums in Bolivian law may at times offer even broader opportunities for their use than in other jurisdictions where the law is more developed. The Hague Principles could be applied by courts and arbitral tribunals as a subsidiary source of law, either in cases where there is no specific rule applicable to the matter at hand or in cases where the Hague Principles would be helpful to interpret the applicable conflict rule. The application of the Hague Principles cannot contradict Bolivia’s mandatory rules or public policy. For an effective use of the Hague Principles, it should be noted how these are in line with constitutional principles, particularly party autonomy.

Designing on the Basis of Recycling-Metallurgy Possibilities: Material-Specific Rules and Standards for “Anti-Dissipative” Products

The demand for metals from the entire periodic table is currently increasing due to the ongoing digitalization. However, their use within electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) poses problems as they cannot be recovered sufficiently in the end-of-life (EoL) phase. In this paper, we address the unleashed dissipation of metals caused by the design of EEE for which no globally established recycling technology exists. We describe the European Union’s (EU) plan to strive for a circular economy (CE) as a political response to tackle this challenge. However, there is a lack of feedback from a design perspective. It is still unknown what the implications for products would be if politics were to take the path of a CE at the level of metals. To provide clarification in this respect, a case study for indium is presented and linked to its corresponding recycling-metallurgy of zinc and lead. As a result, a first material-specific rule on the design of so-called “anti-dissipative” products is derived, which actually supports designing EEE with recycling in mind and represents an already achieved CE on the material level. In addition, the design of electrotechnical standardization is being introduced. As a promising tool, it addresses the multi-dimensional problems of recovering metals from urban ores and assists in the challenge of enhancing recycling rates. Extending the focus to other recycling-metallurgy besides zinc and lead in further research would enable the scope for material-specific rules to be widened.

Dino Lab

Dino Lab is a serious game designed to explore the potential of using games in scientific domains to support critical thinking. Through collaborations with educators and scientists at the Natural History Museum of Utah (NHMU), game designers and learning scientists at the University of Utah, and Title I middle school teachers and students, the authors have developed a beta version of Dino Lab that supports critical thinking through engagement in a simulation-based game. Dino Lab is organized around four key game stages that incorporate high-level goals, domain-specific rule algorithms that govern legal plays and resulting outcomes, embedded reflection questions, and built-in motivational features. Initial play testing has shown positive results, with students highly engaged in strategic game play. Overall, results suggest that games that support critical thinking have strong potential as student-centered, authentic activities that facilitate domain-based engagement and strategic analysis.

Praktik Bermusik Musisi Muda dalam Skena Metal Ekstrem

This article investigates the young extreme metal musicians’ musical practices in Yogyakarta within the context of neoliberal era. To construct an empirical knowledge based on young extreme metal musicians’ narratives, this research utilized qualitative approach, specifically ethnography, from April to August 2019. In order to articulate conflictual and hierarchical dimension of extreme metal scene, this research applied Bourdieusian perspective. Based on data analysis, this study shows that, firstly, objectively, young musicians’ practices started within the condition which social inequality already existed. This represent a hierarchical characteristic of extreme metal scene as a field of struggle -ranging from local, national, to global level. Secondly, theoretically, young musicians’ practices within extreme metal scene require and reproduce particular capital, with regard to the specific rule of the game of the extreme metal scene, defined as extreme metal capital. Thirdly, the goal of the extreme metal, social, and symbolic capital accumulation, also cultural codes embodiment, was on the extreme metal scene’ doxa reproduction mechanism which accentuate three important values, namely authenticity, independency, and community. Finally, this three findings are the manifestation of extreme metal scene resistance towards state and market power in the neoliberal era. Tulisan ini berfokus pada praktik bermusik musisi metal ekstrem muda di Yogyakarta dalam konteks era neoliberal. Guna membangun pengetahuan sesuai dengan narasi musisi metal ekstrem muda, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, secara spesifik etnografi, antara April hingga Agustus 2019. Untuk mengartikulasikan dimensi konfliktual dan hierarkisitas skena metal ekstrem, penelitian ini menggunakan perspektif Bourdieusian. Adapun hasil analisis temuan lapangan menunjukkan bahwa, pertama, secara objektif, praktik bermusik musisi muda dimulai dalam kondisi dimana kesenjangan sosial telah eksis bahkan sebelum praktik tersebut terjadi. Hal ini menunjukkan karakteristik skena metal ekstrem sebagai ranah perjuangan yang bersifat hierarkis -terbentang dari leval lokal, nasional hingga global. Kedua, secara teoritis, praktik bermusik musisi muda dalam skena metal ekstrem membutuhkan dan mereproduksi kapital yang sangat spesifik terkait dengan rule of the game dalam skena tersebut, kami menyebutnya sebagai ‘kapital metal ekstrem’. Ketiga, muara dari proses akumulasi kapital metal ekstrem, kapital sosial dan kapital simbolik, serta proses embodiment mengenai kode-kode budaya terletak pada mekanisme reproduksi doxa skena metal ekstrem yang mengutamakan tiga nilai penting yaitu otentisitas, kemandirian dan komunitas. Adapun ketiga temuan tersebut merupakan manifestasi dari perlawanan skena metal ekstrem terhadap kuasa Negara dan pasar dalam era neoliberal

About the Academic Description of Russian Spelling. (To Spelling Rule Theory)

The article is devoted to the concept of a rule as a tool of scientific and orthological description. A rule is a conventional kind of scientific interpretation in any writing system, such as the description of morphological types in morphology or syntactic models in syntax. In this regard, rules must comply with the requirements for tools of scientific and orthological description. A rule as a tool for scientific description should be internally consistent and not contradict other rules, clearly define the described range of phenomena, cover all cases, clearly distinguish between the scope of the rule and the scope of the dictionary, be terminologically correct. As an orthological tool, a rule should not only correspond to the modern norm, but also determine the vector for future codifications. As a modern orthological tool, a rule should be accompanied by a commentary. The purpose of this commentary is to show the reader the scientific and methodological validity of both a general approach to describing the problems of different sections of the spelling, and each specific rule, to present a range of different interpretations of a particular spelling and justify the proposed one. The proposed description is based on the authors’ theoretical views on writing as a self-developing system and on the role of codifiers as a subjective factor in the development of this system. The conclusions are based on studies of historical changes in each spelling rule and writing in general, as well as modern fluctuations observed in spelling practice and directions for their elimination. This article reveals the authors’ approach to creating a commented set of rules for Russian spelling – a complete, consistent, scientific description of writing in the common form of rules that meets modern standards.