Brief Study of the Immune System and A Large Sea of Pathogens and Other things Side A

And I will destroy any man who dares to abuse my trust, I promise that you will be mine (Queen 1973) We begin and brief study with this song to illustrate in a simple and interesting way because aimunology itself is something extremely interesting the flagship the captain this boat will be the book cell and molecular immunology by Abul K Abbas, Andrew H. Liichtman and Shiv Pllai we will start from a hypothetical situation of a region injured by a piercing instrument that penetrates the skin layers and skeletal muscle tissues based on this arrangement as we will discuss in this case DAMPs Molecular Patterns Associated with Damages and PAMPs molecular patterns associated with pathogens in this part of the study we stick to pathogens linked to amino acids and their formation in chains of proteins TH1 and TH2 that would be mechanisms of intracellular aggressions such as viruses and microbacteria and mechanisms that attack ectracellular cells like bacteria in the hypotonic situation ethics that we comment on an instrument any sharp drill when the layers of the cells the phosphopipidic layers are injured and all extracellular content moves to the extracellular medium begins with a response called innate or cellular that is given by immune cells intact as macrophages dendritic cells are very important in the presentation of phagocyte antigens also obviously to a perception of the central nervous system pain and a conscious state this information reaches the cerebral cortex pain and is detected by nociceptors in response the central nervous system releases substance P in this initiation of injury the cells begins an inflammatory process and the damaged cell members these phospholipids generate the cascade of arachidonic acid in this process if this injury is resolved everything is solved with the first phase of defense which is the innate or cellular system in case of intra or intra pathogens extracellular remains and start m a process of aggression to the organism starts the second part of the defense that is acquired that has specific responses for extracellular and intra cellular pathogenic organisms the complementary immune system we did not address in this work this article is dedicated to my esteemed professors of the medical school São Judas Tadeu Cubatão

Examining adaptive evolution of immune activity: opportunities provided by gastropods in the age of ‘omics’

Parasites threaten all free-living organisms, including molluscs. Understanding the evolution of immune defence traits in natural host populations is crucial for predicting their long-term performance under continuous infection risk. Adaptive trait evolution requires that traits are subject to selection (i.e. contribute to organismal fitness) and that they are heritable. Despite broad interest in the evolutionary ecology of immune activity in animals, the understanding of selection on and evolutionary potential of immune defence traits is far from comprehensive. For instance, empirical observations are only rarely in line with theoretical predictions of immune activity being subject to stabilizing selection. This discrepancy may be because ecoimmunological studies can typically cover only a fraction of the complexity of an animal immune system. Similarly, molecular immunology/immunogenetics studies provide a mechanistic understanding of immunity, but neglect variation that arises from natural genetic differences among individuals and from environmental conditions. Here, we review the current literature on natural selection on and evolutionary potential of immune traits in animals, signal how merging ecological immunology and genomics will strengthen evolutionary ecological research on immunity, and indicate research opportunities for molluscan gastropods for which well-established ecological understanding and/or ‘immune-omics’ resources are already available. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Molluscan genomics: broad insights and future directions for a neglected phylum’.

Cellular and Molecular Immunology Approaches for the Development of Immunotherapies against the New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): Challenges to Near-Future Breakthroughs

The severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), termed COVID-19, has been highlighted as the most important infectious disease of our time, without a vaccine and treatment available until this moment, with a big impact on health systems worldwide, and with high mortality rates associated with respiratory viral disease. The medical and scientific communities have also been confronted by an urgent need to better understand the mechanism of host-virus interaction aimed at developing therapies and vaccines. Since this viral disease can trigger a strong innate immune response, causing severe damage to the pulmonary tract, immunotherapies have also been explored as a means to verify the immunomodulatory effect and improve clinical outcomes, whilst the comprehensive COVID-19 immunology still remains under investigation. In this review, both cellular and molecular immunopathology as well as hemostatic disorders induced by SARS-CoV-2 are summarized. The immunotherapeutic approaches based on the most recent clinical and nonclinical studies, emphasizing their effects for the treatment of COVID-19, are also addressed. The information presented elucidates helpful insights aiming at filling the knowledge gaps around promising immunotherapies that attempt to control the dysfunction of host factors during the course of this infectious viral disease.

Charles E. Egwuagu: Going with the flow

Charles E. Egwuagu is an epidemiologist/immunologist and chief of the Molecular Immunology Section at the National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. His laboratory is focused on understanding the role played by lymphocytes in autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system. I chatted with Charles about his career so far.